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Questions and Answers
What is the main reduction rule of the semantic of the lambda-calculus?
In Haskell, which list representation is syntactic sugar for [1,2,3]?
Which concept is not a key feature of functional programming?
Why is Haskell considered a pure functional programming language?
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Which technique is NOT used to convert a recursive function into a tail recursive one?
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In the Haskell function definition product [] = 1 product (x:xs) = x * product xs, what concept is illustrated?
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What is the value of the expression foldr (-) 0 [1, 2, 3]?
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What is the type of the polymorphic Haskell function head?
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What is the type of the const function?
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What is the value of the expression flip (-) 1 2?
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What kind of algebraic data type is (a, b) in Haskell?
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What does the foldl (flip (:)) [] "drawer" expression evaluate to?
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Study Notes
Haskell Functions
- A function with exactly one recursive call and its return value is immediately returned by the calling function.
Section Function
- The section (^2) is equivalent to \x -> 2^x.
Fold Expressions
- Evaluation of foldr (+) 0 [1, 2, 3] = 6
- Evaluation of foldr (-) 0 [1, 2, 3] = 2
- Evaluation of foldl (+) 0 [1, 2, 3] = 6
- Evaluation of foldl (-) 0 [1, 2, 3] = -6
- Evaluation of foldr (+) 5 [1, 2, 3] = 11
- Evaluation of foldl (-) 5 [1, 2, 3] = -1
Polymorphic Functions
- Type of max a b = if a > b then a else b is a -> a -> a
- Type of head (x:xs) = x is [a] -> a
- Type of length [] = 0; length (x:xs) = 1 + length xs is Num n => [a] -> n
- Type of maximum = foldl max where max a b = if a > b then a else b is (Foldable t, Ord a) => t a -> a
Const Function
- Evaluation of const (1+) 10 100 = 101
- Type of const x _ = x is a -> b -> a
- Evaluation of foldr (const (1+)) 0 [2, 31, 1] = 3
- Evaluation of foldl (const (1+)) 0 [2, 31, 1] = 2
++ Function
- Evaluation of "c" ++ "++" = "c++"
- Type of (++) is [a] -> [a] -> [a]
- foldr (++) [] flattens a list of lists
Flip Function
- Evaluation of flip (-) 1 2 = 1
- Type of flip f a b = f b a is (a -> b -> c) -> (b -> a -> c)
Algebraic Data Types
- Type (a, b) is a product
- fst and snd are projection functions
Lambda-Calculus
- The main reduction rule of the semantic of lambda-calculus is beta-reduction
List in Haskell
- A list [1,2,3] is syntactic sugar for 1 : 2 : 3 : [] which is equivalent to 1 : (2 : (3 : []))
Recursion in Functional Programming
- Tail recursion is an important concept in functional programming
- Techniques to transform a recursive function into an equivalent tail recursive function include accumulating parameters
Properties of Haskell
- Haskell is a pure functional programming language, meaning the evaluation of expressions has no side-effects
- Mutable variables are not a feature of Haskell
- Algebraic data types, particularly co-products, are used where other languages would use NULL pointers
- Pattern matching is used in the Haskell function definition product [] = 1; product (x:xs) = x * product xs
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Description
Test your knowledge on lambda calculus and functional programming concepts with this quiz. From reduction rules to recursion, see how well you understand these fundamental principles in computer science.
