Lakshmi Kant Polity Summary

Introduction to the Series and Lakshmi Kant Polity Summary

• A video series was started two years prior and had unexpected popularity for simplifying Polity.
• The series aimed to teach Polity in a simple engaging manner and gained wide viewership.
• There are 97-98 parts to the series, which can be difficult for aspirants to watch continuously.
• The videos were compiled into one continuous video for uninterrupted viewing, note-taking, and revision.
• The content simplifies Polity, Governance, International Relations, and the Public Service International (PSI) optional.
• The code SIDLIVE can be used to access the courses on Unacademy.

Introduction to a New Course on Unacademy

• A new YouTube series will cover the entire M. Laxmikanth book for civil service aspirants.
• The goal is to help aspirants finish the book efficiently and effectively.
• The course will have approximately 100 videos, covering every chapter in the book.
• The series aims to save aspirants time and guide them on what to prioritize studying.
• The instructor claims extensive expertise in Polity and encourages viewers to engage respectfully.

Course Plan and Approach

• The content will include historical context up to recent events, along with discussions of schedules, and tables from the book.
• The course aims for a 360-degree view with interconnected topics for better retention.
• Summarizing the book will assist in saving time and identifying what to focus on.
• Interconnections between different chapters and schedules will form a "Polity Matrix."
• The course intends to break down the daunting 800+ pages into manageable videos.
• The focus is on understanding Polity in the context of the Civil Services exam along with all the other subjects.

Course Objectives and Expectations

• The course might not be sufficient for the UPSC exam alone.
• It aims to cross the 70% threshold, providing a solid foundation.
• Understanding current affairs, such as Article 370, will be easier with this foundational knowledge.
• Retention requires hard work and connecting the dots, while summarization is the instructor's task.
• Salient features will be covered first, followed by the necessary details within each chapter.
• Some details may be skipped to save time, recognizing the need to prioritize.

History of Constitution: East India Company

• In 1600, the East India Company came to India as traders.
• The company possessed an exclusive license, a royal charter, to trade.
• The East India Company had a monopoly in India when it came to trade.
• India was a rich country, and the company grew rich.
• In 1764, the Battle of Buxar took place.
• By 1765, the company obtained diwani rights over Bengal, Orissa, and Bihar.
• Diwani rights included civil, revenue, and tax collection rights.
• Instead of overall growth for the company, the officers of East India Company became rich.
• The mismanagement of funds, fund and asset corruption led the company to go into deep debt.
• The British Government started to "deal" with the company and step in.

Regulating Acts & Control

• The British government introduced regulating acts to control the East India Company's affairs in India.
• The regulating acts were also known as East India Company Acts or Charter Acts.
• Terms and conditions of the charter were revised every 20 years to control the company.
• The first regulating act was in 1773, followed by others in 1793, 1813, 1833, and 1853.

Specifics of Regulating Act of 1773

• It was the first step to regulate the East India Company.
• A Court of Directors was created to answer to the British government to control the company.
• The act aimed to centralize power by giving more legislative powers to the Governor of Bengal.
• As a result of this act of centralization, the Governor of Bengal became the Governor-General of Bengal.
• The first Governor-General of Bengal was Warren Hastings.
• A four-member executive council, called the Governor-General in Council or the Calcutta Council, was formed to assist the Governor-General.
• The executive council also performed some legislative functions.

Regulation Act of 1773 & Beyond

• Problems of controlling the Supreme Court started to arise because of its establishment in Calcutta.
• In 1781, a Settlement Act was passed to limit the Supreme Court's control over company officers.
• The act also began the doctrine of separation of powers.
• The regulating act of 1773 was not particularly successful because the East India Company did not cooperate with the British government.
• Pit's India Act of 1784 was created as a work around to fix these issues.
• The Pit's India Act of 1784 was passed by the Prime Minister of England, William Pit the younger.
• A Board of Control was appointed by the British government.
• A double government was put into place limiting the civil control that East India Company had.
• The civilian/commercial powers split occurred because of the new split in power.
• After many periods with intermediate years, the Charter Act of 1833 ended centralizing power to the Governor General of India.
• The regulating of events finally made logical sense with the new central power.
• The East India Company was holding all the properties only in trust.
• All laws were labeled as acts from the crown going forward.
• Civil Services were being created for the crown and East India Company.
• Higher and Lower forms of the test existed.
• The Covenanted Services of India, the higher services, were exclusive only to families of the crown.

Charter Act of 1853 and Government of India Act of 1858

• The Covenanted Civil Services were eventually made open to everyone.
• The members had all the functions and the duties of parliamentarians.
• Giving an infinite extension on the East India Company's ability to hold all the territories in India was an important step for the empire.
• All the territories in India were being held solely on trust, and the company's powers for administration were limited.
• The infinite control of East India Company didn't remain for long with the occurrence of the Sepoy Mutiny.
• The Governor General of India act of 1858 transferred the powers of East India Company over to the crown of India.
• The Good Government of India came to full effect.
• An office in London was being held by the Secretary of State of India, and the office was answerable to Parliament.
• Queen Victoria was announced as empress of India.

Indian Councils Acts: 1861-1909 towards Freedom of India

• The ground was already set up by Great Britain, now it was the process of moving that power back.
• The same system was still in place.
• Indian Councils Acts were passed through the government system to begin moving some control back to India.
• The years 1861, 1892, and 1909 are the key events.
• More power was being delivered to the legislative councils, and Indians were being given a greater position.
• Indians were in the seats, but not in office, as the British did not allow Indians to hold office until later.
• Banaras of India, the Maharaja of Patiala, and Rao Dinakar were the first three Indians allowed to be part of the new group starting in 1861.
• Decentralization was occurring.
• 1773 held the first form of centralization. 1833, the last form of centralization. 1861, the first form of decentralization.
• The history of the constitution was becoming an item of reverse engineering that was already in form.

Important Facts of the Indian Councils Acts

• Portfolio system was being delivered.
• The law of ordinance is now becoming a permanent measure.
• In the 1892 phase, there was a strong legislative system and an allowance to discuss the budget, which previously never occurred.
• Decentralization had more power put into the system.
• The first step in direct election was set up in 1892.
• Major changes occurred with the Indian Councils act of 1909 and the Morley Minto act of 1909.
• Lord Minto and Lord Morley used the "divide and rule" system to break up Indian unity.
• Lord Minto created the idea that communities got separate electorates.
• Lord Minto is known as the "father of communal electorates."
• In the central level legislative council, the strength was set at 60 plus 60 or 69 total seats given to Indians.

What Was Really Happening & History from 1773 and 1909

• In reality, close to nothing, as there were still no actual changes.
• People were being recommended by the Viceroy and not voted in by choice.
• 1947 was approaching.
• Mahatma Gandhi was the reason great things were to come.
• The freedom struggle was more political and legal than military.
• In fact, the freedom struggle was decentralization.

Defining Colony, Dominion, and Independence

• India was a colony and had to reach domain and finally independence.
• A colony is a power-weak state being controlled legally and politically, which is what Indians were experiencing.
• The act of 1833 is what formed the colonization efforts or the complete control that the English had.
• Currently, there is focus on the 1919's act.
• The British were getting beat up in World War 1, and the colony was starting to get weaker.
• Therefore, the push was for a form of "Provincial Autonomy."
• The Montagu-Chelmsford act reformed the provincial autonomy with division powers and the bicameralism system.
• The powers for the region were put into the power of the Federal list but not provincial.
• Lord MonteGu made it so that only "3" out of "6" people could be Indian to vote out of committee.
• As of now, only "10" percent of the entire region voted.
• The 800 pages of this book will only take 100 videos for knowledge of what will come.

Government of India Act 1919 and Reaction

• The Government conveyed that if control was desired, cooperation was required.
• The Indians created a system against everyone that was involved.
• The Younger of Pits realized that the Indians were making it difficult.
• In 1874 East Indian companies could have it all.
• England kept losing and had to send some more money for the battle for land.
• Because of the war made it all about independence, all the acts said that would happen eventually.

The Arrive & Cripps Mission + Quit India

• Around 1940, England was about to incur a massive loss to Hitler in the battles.
• Indians were told to continue assisting although control was not in effect, with the potential for power in the future.
• England stated that if the Indians continued to support the cause, they would eventually be able to make the rules.
• The Cribbs act was sent over, hoping that Muslim regions and other leaders would agree about complete independence with England.
• England wasn't able to make anything happen.
• The country and its followers weren't faltering, England made it clear they could not take the land away.

The Good Government

• All the land was put in place for the region to do and make.
• Everyone will look up to the 14th from a historical point to make sure.
• Leaders aimed to get a count on them and review their statements.
• The goal was to establish a system to check in with the leader.
• What every they are doing.
• There as opportunity for change in the government.
• In this place you are able to see what you want.
• Get back to the time and get thing out there.

Introduction to Salient Features and Lengthiest of the Written Constitutions

• Transitioning into the salient features of the Indian Constitution.
• The first point covered is it is the lengthiest written constitution in the world.
• India planned this out because of its geographical size, variety, races, and other components.
• Double checking the union ensured power was passed.
• 800 pages in the form of 1 page allows one to have all in the correct format.
• Being ready with something makes you are ready for the people.

Rigidity and Flexibility + Other Notations

• The second part is about the Rigid and flex points.
• There is a desire to add to it when the need and want arises.
• Other points come to be to pass what to look at after that.
• A need to check guide and what is there.

Key Features: Federal, Unitary, and Parliamentary

• Transferring over to the federal and unitary and how that changes from state to state.
• States will be the person who is has the end of it.
• The text discusses at what is needed over there.
• States make a list of what they do and what they will follow from time to.
• What they plan to do.
• Everyone will be informed.
• Knowing you are reading it for the time of the day people will want to have and hear all.

Additional Government Types

• 1 was very imporatnt
• all that we to have and keep those in check also.
• Looking back it all has the end the the state.

What Is Always Important

• Some will want to be in line with that.
• This is always great for that in it and want in this side of the world.
• If so then what and then who is the main.
• This long process makes it so hard to see everything about this.
• It is always a time where.

The Constitution Is Easy

• What can we give I need to be to go over that page and work.
• that part is needed.
• This needs to be have all of those and want.

Pre Ambitation

• The power comes from the people.
• What we look at will have and get there from me.
• What happened one to another will have a spot to see.
• The power will continue.
• What the is about to be can be seen.
• Is it that long list like before.
• What about it does not need to be touched.
• It might have it.

New course of summary

• So I can talk the truth.
• That is going.
• I didn't learn all.

From 1773 of the star

• The good word was given.
• Light was given to me.
• I do this or then.
• No and no is that great one I read.