Laboratory Sample Collection Techniques
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Questions and Answers

Sample collection and handling do not affect the accuracy of test results.

False (B)

Clinical samples can include blood, urine, and tissue biopsies.

True (A)

Midstream urine collection is designed to reduce contamination from the urethra.

True (A)

Arterial blood is collected primarily for routine blood tests.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Induced sputum collection is typically used for microbiological testing of respiratory infections.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cataloging and labeling samples is unnecessary if the samples are collected correctly.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

24-hour urine collection is used to assess kidney function.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A capillary blood sample is typically collected from the arm.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aseptic techniques involve using contaminated containers and equipment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plasma samples should be frozen to preserve their components for long-term storage.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Room temperature for processing certain samples ranges from 20 to 25 degrees Celsius.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biohazard bags are unsuitable for transporting infectious samples.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Formalin is used as a preservative for biological samples to maintain their integrity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Temperature for refrigerated samples should be at 0ºC to 4ºC.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Centrifugation is a technique used for separating serum or plasma from blood cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leak-proof containers are not necessary for transporting fluids in a laboratory setting.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Aseptic Techniques

Methods to prevent contamination by using sterile tools and PPE.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Gear like gloves and lab coats used to protect individuals.

Temperature Control

Methods to regulate temperature during sample preservation.

Refrigeration for Samples

Storing samples at 4°C to slow microbe growth.

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Biological Sample Preservation

Using substances like formalin to maintain sample integrity.

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Aliquoting Samples

Splitting samples into smaller portions for testing.

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Centrifugation

Process to spin samples to separate components by density.

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Biohazard Packaging

Safe containers used for transporting infectious samples.

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Importance of Sample Collection

Sample collection affects the accuracy of lab results.

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Types of Clinical Samples

Includes blood, urine, sputum, tissue biopsies, saliva, feces.

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Environmental Samples Definition

Specimens like air, water, and soil for contamination testing.

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Microbiological Samples

Samples that include swabs, cultures, and stool for analysis.

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Venous Blood Collection

Blood collection from veins, using needles or tubes.

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Midstream Urine Collection

A technique to minimize contamination during urine tests.

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Labeling Requirements

Includes patient info, sample type, and collection date.

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Documentation in Sample Handling

Tracking sheets ensure traceability of lab samples.

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Study Notes

Sampling and Handling

  • Sample collection is critical for accurate lab results, affecting reliability and quality. Improper collection or handling may result in inaccurate, costly errors, or even safety risks.
  • Sample collection involves obtaining a specimen from a person, animal, environment, or substance for analysis.

Types of Laboratory Samples

  • Clinical Samples: Blood (venous, arterial, capillary), urine, sputum, tissue biopsies, saliva, feces.
  • Environmental Samples: Air, water, soil, food, surfaces (for contamination or quality checks).
  • Microbiological Samples: Swabs, cultures, stool, sputum, blood cultures.

Sample Collection Techniques

  • Blood Collection:
    • Venous: From veins using needles or vacutainer tubes (e.g., antecubital fossa).
    • Capillary: From fingers or heel sticks, used for glucose tests or pediatric blood tests.
    • Arterial: From arteries for blood gas analysis (e.g., radial artery).
  • Urine Collection:
    • Midstream: Avoids urethra contamination (common for urinalysis).
    • 24-Hour: Measures kidney function/protein excretion.
    • Catheterized: For patients unable to provide samples independently.
  • Sputum Collection:
    • Induced: Used for respiratory infections like tuberculosis.
    • Natural Coughing: Involves deep coughs to bring up material up from the lower respiratory tract.
  • Tissue Biopsy: Obtained via needle biopsy or surgical excision for histopathological testing. Needle aspiration is used for smaller tissue samples.

Proper Labeling and Documentation

  • Labeling Requirements: Include patient information (name, age, sex, medical record number), sample details (type, collection date/time, required tests), and collection method.
  • Documentation: Use tracking sheets to ensure traceability of each sample preventing mix-ups.

Preventing Contamination

  • Aseptic Techniques: Use sterile containers and equipment to avoid introducing foreign organisms.
  • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Wear gloves, lab coats, face shields as needed.
  • Sterile Swabs: Use sterile swabs for microbiological samples to prevent contamination.

Temperature Control and Sample Preservation

  • Refrigeration: Some samples (e.g., blood, urine) require storage at 4°C to slow microbial growth and enzymatic activity.
  • Freezing: For plasma/serum, freezing preserves components for long-term storage.
  • Room Temperature: Some samples (e.g., certain coagulation tests) are best processed at room temperature. Storage and temperature requirements for laboratory specimens are specific.

Avoiding Cross-Contamination

  • Separate tools for individual sample use.
  • Frequently clean surfaces.

Sample Transport and Handling

  • Packaging: Use secure containers (e.g., biohazard bags for infectious samples, leak-proof containers for fluids).
  • Temperature Control: Use insulated coolers, ice packs, or thermostatic containers for temperature-sensitive samples.

Special Handling

  • Infectious Samples: Use biohazard symbols and proper packaging during transport.
  • Radioactive Materials: Use specialized containers with shielding.

Sample Preparation

  • Blood: Centrifugation separates serum/plasma from blood cells. Aliquoting splits samples into smaller portions for various tests.
  • Microbiological: Cultures grow bacteria/viruses, smears/stains/prepare slides for microscopic examination (e.g., gram stain).
  • Tissue: Fixation preserves tissue, embedding and sectioning prepare tissue for histopathology.

Common Challenges in Sample Handling

  • Contamination: Important to use sterilization and PPE to avoid contamination.
  • Degradation: Improper storage or transit may degrade sensitive samples (e.g., blood, DNA).
  • Volume Limitation: Small sample sizes sometimes require multiple aliquots or pooling.

Time Constraints

  • Some tests require immediate processing, which necessitates rapid sample transport.

Best Practices

  • Before Collection: Prepare proper containers, label, and use necessary PPE.
  • During Collection: Use aseptic techniques, label, document immediately.
  • After Collection: Handle with care, ensure correct storage, and transport conditions.
  • During Transport: Prioritize temperature control and timely transport.

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Related Documents

Laboratory Techniques 4 PDF

Description

Explore the critical aspects of sample collection and handling in a laboratory setting. Understand the various types of laboratory samples, including clinical, environmental, and microbiological samples, and learn the techniques used for accurate collection. This quiz is essential for those in the healthcare and environmental science fields.

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