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Questions and Answers
Which species has more lymphocytes compared to other species?
Which species has more lymphocytes compared to other species?
How should you calculate the absolute neutrophil concentration after counting leukocytes?
How should you calculate the absolute neutrophil concentration after counting leukocytes?
What feature differentiates tortoise or frog erythrocytes from mammalian erythrocytes?
What feature differentiates tortoise or frog erythrocytes from mammalian erythrocytes?
Which cell type is primarily involved in the response to parasitic infections?
Which cell type is primarily involved in the response to parasitic infections?
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In which species are neutrophils and lymphocytes nearly in a 1:1 ratio?
In which species are neutrophils and lymphocytes nearly in a 1:1 ratio?
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What is the first step when staining a blood smear using Diff-Quik stain?
What is the first step when staining a blood smear using Diff-Quik stain?
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Which leukocyte is characterized by rod-shaped granules?
Which leukocyte is characterized by rod-shaped granules?
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Which solution in the Diff-Quik staining process is responsible for staining the cytoplasm?
Which solution in the Diff-Quik staining process is responsible for staining the cytoplasm?
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What is a common characteristic of basophils?
What is a common characteristic of basophils?
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Which leukocyte is primarily responsible for the immune response against bacteria?
Which leukocyte is primarily responsible for the immune response against bacteria?
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What magnification should be used to start examining the blood smear?
What magnification should be used to start examining the blood smear?
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Where should the condenser be positioned before placing the slide on the microscope?
Where should the condenser be positioned before placing the slide on the microscope?
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What area of the smear is referred to as the counting window?
What area of the smear is referred to as the counting window?
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What is the main purpose of starting with a low power objective when examining a blood smear?
What is the main purpose of starting with a low power objective when examining a blood smear?
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Which feature of leukocytes (neutrophils) is commonly seen in the feather edge of the smear?
Which feature of leukocytes (neutrophils) is commonly seen in the feather edge of the smear?
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What should be done to ensure proper visibility of stained smears under the microscope?
What should be done to ensure proper visibility of stained smears under the microscope?
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What should be used to clean the refractometer before measuring plasma protein concentration?
What should be used to clean the refractometer before measuring plasma protein concentration?
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What is the correct procedure to follow after breaking the spun capillary tube?
What is the correct procedure to follow after breaking the spun capillary tube?
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What is the reference interval for plasma protein concentration in canines?
What is the reference interval for plasma protein concentration in canines?
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Why is it important to prepare blood smears as soon as possible after collecting blood?
Why is it important to prepare blood smears as soon as possible after collecting blood?
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What may cause blood smears to stain improperly?
What may cause blood smears to stain improperly?
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What is the correct method for making a blood smear?
What is the correct method for making a blood smear?
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After preparing a blood smear, what is one recommended step?
After preparing a blood smear, what is one recommended step?
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What is the plasma color that indicates a normal result?
What is the plasma color that indicates a normal result?
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What should you do if you notice an unsafe condition in the laboratory?
What should you do if you notice an unsafe condition in the laboratory?
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Which of the following steps is necessary before performing a Spun Hematocrit test?
Which of the following steps is necessary before performing a Spun Hematocrit test?
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How full should the capillary tube be filled with blood for the Spun Hematocrit test?
How full should the capillary tube be filled with blood for the Spun Hematocrit test?
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What is the main purpose of balancing the microcentrifuge with capillary tubes?
What is the main purpose of balancing the microcentrifuge with capillary tubes?
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What will happen if a student fails to attend all laboratory sessions?
What will happen if a student fails to attend all laboratory sessions?
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What is the first step in preparing the microcentrifuge for the Spun Hematocrit test?
What is the first step in preparing the microcentrifuge for the Spun Hematocrit test?
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During the Spun Hematocrit test, what should the position of the sealed ends of the capillary tubes in the centrifuge be?
During the Spun Hematocrit test, what should the position of the sealed ends of the capillary tubes in the centrifuge be?
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What color of plasma is typically recorded after performing a Spun Hematocrit test?
What color of plasma is typically recorded after performing a Spun Hematocrit test?
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What is the most likely leukogram pattern indicated by a WBC count of 42.5 X10^3/μL with elevated Segmented Neutrophils and normal Bands?
What is the most likely leukogram pattern indicated by a WBC count of 42.5 X10^3/μL with elevated Segmented Neutrophils and normal Bands?
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What blood loss type is most likely responsible for the anemia, leukogram, and plasma protein findings described?
What blood loss type is most likely responsible for the anemia, leukogram, and plasma protein findings described?
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Which of the following is the most appropriate term to classify the identified anemia in the provided case?
Which of the following is the most appropriate term to classify the identified anemia in the provided case?
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What contributes to anisocytosis and elevated MCV in blood samples?
What contributes to anisocytosis and elevated MCV in blood samples?
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Why is the manual PCV or spun HCT preferred over the calculated HCT from an analyzer?
Why is the manual PCV or spun HCT preferred over the calculated HCT from an analyzer?
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Which blood film finding is most indicative of the cause of anemia in the described case?
Which blood film finding is most indicative of the cause of anemia in the described case?
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What leukocyte subsets did the HMV NOT identify, according to the report?
What leukocyte subsets did the HMV NOT identify, according to the report?
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In the context of a leukogram, which condition is most likely to result in increased eosinophils?
In the context of a leukogram, which condition is most likely to result in increased eosinophils?
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Study Notes
Laboratory Safety Rules
- Know the location of exits and evacuation routes for emergencies.
- Report accidents, injuries, or unsafe conditions immediately to the lab supervisor.
- Permission required to enter main diagnostic laboratories.
- Mandatory attendance for all laboratory sessions, staying from start to finish.
- Violations of safety rules may result in point deductions.
Manual CBC Methods Overview
- Blood must be well mixed before testing.
- Techniques demonstrated by a laboratory instructor.
Spun Hematocrit (HCT) / Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
- Fill capillary tube with blood from a purple top tube (EDTA) to 3/4 full, seal one end.
- Balance tubes in a microcentrifuge and spin at 15,000 rpm for 5 minutes (10 minutes for ruminants).
- Use a microhematocrit reader to determine the percentage of packed red blood cells (RBCs).
- Record plasma color after centrifugation and check for microfilariae in small animal blood.
Total Plasma Protein Measurement
- Clean refractometer before use.
- Break capillary tube above the buffy coat, expel plasma onto the refractometer.
- Read protein concentration in g/dL and record results.
Blood Smear Preparation
- Prepare smears immediately after blood collection, air-dry, and stain soon after.
- Use a capillary tube to place a drop of blood on a glass slide and spread it with another slide.
- Stain using Diff-Quik: 10 dips in fixative, then 12 dips each in Solution I and II, followed by rinse.
Identification of Blood Cells
- Familiarize with microscope operation, starting with low power (10X) before switching to high power (100X).
- Look for platelet clumps and organisms at the feather edge during initial scanning.
- Identify leukocyte types: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils based on morphology.
Leukocyte Counting
- Count at least 25 leukocytes; multiply counts by 4 for percentage calculations.
- Use WBC counter app for smartphone for leukocyte subset counts.
Special Observations
- Understand differences in leukogram results across species.
- Note variations in lymphocyte proportions in cows versus other species.
Anemia and Blood Health Evaluations
- Evaluate morphological changes in RBCs under high power, using proper terminology.
- Regenerative vs. non-regenerative anemia classification.
- Assess potential causes of anemia based on findings such as cytological signs or leukogram patterns.
Diagnostic Case Studies
- Compare manual CBC results with computerized hematology analyzer data.
- Identify discrepancies in leukocyte subset identification.
- Formulate potential causes of anemia based on lab findings, examining implications of blood loss type (acute or chronic).
Knowledge Utilization
- Apply understanding of blood parameter reference intervals for diagnosis.
- Utilize blood film findings to support diagnostic reasoning in cases of anemia and leukocyte abnormalities.
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Description
Test your knowledge on essential laboratory safety procedures, including emergency exits and reporting accidents. Ensure you understand the importance of following safety protocols in a lab environment. This quiz will help reinforce your awareness of safety measures essential for your well-being.
