Laboratory Safety Chapter 2

Questions and Answers

What are the three main stakeholders responsible for ensuring laboratory safety?

Laboratory managers, Quality managers (or designated Safety Officers), and Laboratorians are the three main stakeholders responsible for ensuring laboratory safety.

What are two potential secondary effects of a laboratory accident?

Loss of reputation and increased costs due to litigation and insurance are two potential secondary effects of a laboratory accident.

Why is it important for laboratory directors to participate in the design of new laboratory facilities?

It is important for laboratory directors to participate in design to ensure that the facilities meet specific laboratory needs and promote safety.

What should Quality managers ensure regarding personnel when new activities are introduced in the lab?

Quality managers should ensure that personnel are trained in their specific duties related to the new activities introduced. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical consideration when designing laboratory workflow?

A critical consideration is ensuring that patients and patient samples do not have common circulation pathways. Signup and view all the answers

What should a Laboratorian be aware of when working with hazardous materials?

A Laboratorian should be aware of basic safety rules and biosafety management issues when working with toxic chemicals and biological samples. Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of conducting laboratory safety audits?

Conducting laboratory safety audits is important to assess compliance with safety protocols and identify areas for improvement. Signup and view all the answers

What role does risk assessment play in developing new laboratory activities?

Risk assessment plays a critical role in identifying potential hazards and determining safety measures for new laboratory activities. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to restrict access to certain areas in a laboratory?

To ensure safety and prevent cross-contamination by limiting access to authorized personnel only. Signup and view all the answers

What layout consideration can save time and energy during sample collection?

Placing both the reception desk and the sample collection room near the entry door improves efficiency. Signup and view all the answers

How should circulation pathways for clean and contaminated materials be managed?

They should never cross to minimize contamination risks within the laboratory. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the design for molecular biology areas in a lab?

It requires at least two separate rooms to prevent cross-contamination during DNA extraction and amplification. Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered regarding equipment access during laboratory design?

Ensure there are no physical restrictions, like inadequate door or elevator sizes, that could hinder equipment delivery or maintenance. Signup and view all the answers

What materials are recommended for laboratory workbenches?

Durable materials that are easy to disinfect, such as ceramic tiles, are preferred over wood or untreated surfaces. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it advisable to avoid using wood in laboratory settings?

Wood is difficult to clean, can harbor contaminants, and deteriorates quickly with exposure to disinfectants. Signup and view all the answers

What ventilation requirements must laboratories meet?

Laboratories must have active ventilation systems to ensure proper air circulation and maintain a safe environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration regarding power supply for laboratory equipment?

A stable power supply, along with a backup power source for emergencies, is crucial for sensitive laboratory equipment. Signup and view all the answers

What cleaning strategy should be employed for grout between ceramic tiles?

Regular disinfection of the grout is necessary to prevent the harboring of contaminating microorganisms. Signup and view all the answers

Why should laboratory service rooms be centrally located?

Central location minimizes distances for circulation of materials, samples, and goods, improving efficiency. Signup and view all the answers

What role does communication play in laboratory design?

Effective communication systems facilitate efficient and reliable message transfer within the laboratory. Signup and view all the answers

What type of paint is advisable for laboratory walls and ceilings?

Walls and ceilings should be painted with washable and glossy paint to enable proper cleaning and disinfection. Signup and view all the answers

What essential factor should be considered for liquid waste disposal?

Compliance with local and national requirements is crucial to prevent contamination from hazardous waste. Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of developing safety procedures in a laboratory setting?

Safety procedures are crucial for preventing accidents, injuries, and contamination while ensuring the well-being of laboratory staff. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to keep a record of staff exposures to hazards?

It is necessary to document exposures to identify patterns and implement preventive measures for future occurrences. Signup and view all the answers

How can laboratory equipment pose a risk to staff?

Laboratory equipment can cause injuries such as electrical shock, burns, or exposure to harmful radiation if not used properly. Signup and view all the answers

What precautions should be taken when storing compressed gas cylinders?

Compressed gas cylinders must be chained to the wall and have safety caps secured over their valves when not in use. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for disposing of sharps in a laboratory?

Sharps should be placed in a puncture-resistant and leak-proof container labeled with the word 'SHARPS'. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main routes through which toxic chemicals can enter the body?

The three main routes are inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to label all chemicals in the laboratory?

Labeling chemicals ensures that their common names, concentrations, and hazards are clearly communicated to prevent accidents. Signup and view all the answers

What information does a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) provide?

An MSDS provides hazard information, recommended personal protective equipment (PPE), and emergency procedures. Signup and view all the answers

What are aerosols, and how do they relate to laboratory contamination?

Aerosols are tiny droplets that can travel long distances and serve as a major source of contamination in diagnostic laboratories. Signup and view all the answers

What special precautions must be taken when handling radioactive materials?

Radioactive materials require dedicated storage areas with appropriate protection and specific waste containers. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it critical to decontaminate laboratory glass before disposal?

Decontamination prevents exposure to hazardous residues and protects waste handlers from potential harm. Signup and view all the answers

What role does personal protective equipment (PPE) play in laboratory safety?

PPE protects laboratory staff from exposure to hazards, including chemicals, biological agents, and physical risks. Signup and view all the answers

How should biological hazards be managed to prevent laboratory-acquired infections?

Management of biological hazards includes using containment systems to block aerosol diffusion and following proper disposal procedures. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of recording the date received and expiration date of chemicals?

Recording these dates helps ensure the safe use of chemicals and aids in inventory management. Signup and view all the answers

Why have many institutions replaced latex gloves with nitrile gloves?

Many institutions have replaced latex gloves with nitrile gloves because latex can cause allergic reactions and sensitivities in some individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary advantages of nitrile gloves compared to rubber gloves?

Nitrile gloves are typically more puncture-resistant than rubber gloves and offer protection against infectious materials and many hazardous chemicals. Signup and view all the answers

What type of gloves should be used when handling cryogenic materials?

Cryogenic gloves should be used when handling materials like liquid nitrogen or dry ice. Signup and view all the answers

Why must gloves not be reused in laboratory settings?

Gloves should not be reused because they may become contaminated or lose their protective properties. Signup and view all the answers

What considerations should be made when selecting chemical-resistant gloves?

Chemical-resistant gloves should be selected based on the specific chemicals in use and the manufacturer’s compatibility charts. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the main purpose of respiratory PPE in laboratory settings.

Respiratory PPE is used to protect against exposure to hazardous atmospheres, including airborne particles such as dust and pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between N95 and P100 respirators?

The main difference is that P100 respirators are 99.97% efficient at stopping particles, while N95 respirators are 95% efficient. Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions should fit testing for respirators be conducted?

Fit testing for respirators should be conducted annually to ensure proper seal and effectiveness. Signup and view all the answers

How do PAPRs differ from traditional respirators?

PAPRs are powered air purifying respirators that supply purified air and do not require a tight fit, unlike traditional respirators. Signup and view all the answers

What type of gloves are made from neoprene, and what are their advantages?

Neoprene gloves are synthetic rubber gloves that are liquid-proof and chemical-resistant, though not always flexible. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the term 'respiratory protection program' in a laboratory context.

A respiratory protection program includes evaluations, medical clearances, fit testing, training, and policies to ensure the safe use of respirators. Signup and view all the answers

What type of masks are considered not suitable for protection against hazardous materials?

Facemasks, such as surgical and dust masks, are not suitable for protection against hazardous materials because gases and tiny particles can pass through them. Signup and view all the answers

What standard must N95 respirators meet?

N95 respirators must meet NIOSH certification standards for effective filtration. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to evaluate respiratory hazards before working in a lab?

Evaluating respiratory hazards is important to determine the appropriate PPE needed to protect against potential exposure. Signup and view all the answers

What materials are commonly used for lab coats and what properties do they provide?

Lab coats are commonly made from 35% polyester and 65% cotton blends, providing semi-fire-retardant properties from cotton and chemical resistance from polyester. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the primary function of gowns in a laboratory setting.

Gowns provide a broad barrier and increased protection from splashes, especially in higher-risk work settings. Signup and view all the answers

What features should a chemical-resistant apron have for effective protection?

A chemical-resistant apron should be made of materials like plastic or neoprene and fit comfortably, extending from just below the neck to just above the feet. Signup and view all the answers

Explain why safety glasses alone may not be sufficient for chemical splash protection.

Safety glasses do not provide a secure seal around the eyes, which allows chemicals to seep in through gaps. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the ANSI Z87.1 - 2010 standard in safety glasses?

The ANSI Z87.1 - 2010 standard ensures that safety glasses meet requirements for impact and shatter resistance, enhancing user safety. Signup and view all the answers

How do safety goggles differ from safety glasses in terms of protection?

Safety goggles form a protective seal around the eyes, preventing objects or liquids from entering, unlike safety glasses which do not seal. Signup and view all the answers

What are the recommended practices when wearing gloves in a laboratory?

When wearing gloves, avoid touching non-lab items and change gloves upon any contamination to minimize the risk of spreading hazardous substances. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it not recommended to reuse disposable gloves?

Disposable gloves should not be reused to prevent exposure to contaminants that may exist on the glove's surface after use. Signup and view all the answers

What types of gloves provide hand protection in the laboratory, and what hazards do they address?

Common glove types include latex for biological hazards, nitrile for chemical resistance, insulated for thermal protection, and chemical-resistant gloves for corrosive substances. Signup and view all the answers

How should safety glasses be maintained to ensure their effectiveness?

Safety glasses should be regularly cleaned with appropriate cleaners and replaced when scratched or damaged. Signup and view all the answers

What role do face shields play when used in combination with other PPE?

Face shields provide additional eye and face protection against splashes and are used alongside goggles or safety glasses for enhanced safety. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the key features of an ideal lab coat.

An ideal lab coat should cover the entire upper body, extend to the knees, fit comfortably, and possess fitted wristbands to resist splashes. Signup and view all the answers

What factors should be considered when choosing gloves for laboratory use?

Factors include the type of hazards present, the need for dexterity, and the specific materials that the gloves should be resistant to. Signup and view all the answers

When might chemical-resistant gloves be necessary in the lab?

Chemical-resistant gloves are necessary when handling corrosive chemicals, performing tasks likely to cause splashes, or working with hazardous materials. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using PPE in clinical laboratories?

To protect the wearer from exposure to various occupational hazards and minimize the risk of injury or infection. Signup and view all the answers

List at least two major routes through which laboratory staff can acquire work-related infections.

Inhalation of aerosols and percutaneous inoculation. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to wear goggles when handling infectious materials?

Goggles protect the eyes and other mucous membranes from exposure to droplets that may occur during procedures. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the disposal procedure for gloves after use in a laboratory setting.

Gloves must be disposed of in contaminated waste and should never be reused or washed. Signup and view all the answers

What role does ventilation play in laboratories of containment level 2?

Ventilation helps to manage airflow and reduce potential exposure to airborne pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What additional eye protection is recommended for contacts wearers in a laboratory?

Additional eye protection such as goggles must be worn over contact lenses to prevent splash exposure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for organizing work benches in a laboratory?

To minimize risks of cross-contamination and ensure adequate space for equipment and documentation. Signup and view all the answers

What does the CDC recommend as the primary method for providing a safe work environment?

The CDC recommends eliminating hazards as the primary method to ensure safety in the workplace. Signup and view all the answers

Who is typically responsible for the daily cleaning and disinfection of benchtops?

The technical staff performing the tests. Signup and view all the answers

Why should disposable laboratory coats be worn in level 3 laboratories?

Disposable laboratory coats help contain contamination and protect against highly dangerous pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is one key practice to ensure effective glove use in the laboratory?

Remove gloves when leaving the working area to prevent contamination of surfaces and objects. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of training should laboratory staff receive as part of the safety management program?

Training should cover universal precautions, infection control, and proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of conducting risk assessments in the laboratory?

To identify and mitigate potential safety hazards and ensure ongoing safety protocols are followed. Signup and view all the answers

Name two types of face protection recommended for laboratory work.

Face shields and masks. Signup and view all the answers

What factors determine the selection and use of PPE in a laboratory?

The hazards present, the type of work operations, and the nature and quantity of hazardous materials. Signup and view all the answers

Name one key item that must be included in the safety management program.

Personal protective equipment (PPE). Signup and view all the answers

Describe the main function of respirators in laboratory settings.

Respirators serve to protect the wearer from inhaling harmful airborne substances. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant policy regarding food and drink in laboratory work areas?

Eating, drinking, smoking, handling contact lenses, and applying cosmetics are prohibited. Signup and view all the answers

What must be done with hazardous waste before disposal?

It must be decontaminated by autoclaving, chemical disinfection, or incineration. Signup and view all the answers

What should laboratory staff do if they encounter a spill of hazardous substances?

Laboratory staff should immediately follow established spill protocols and wear appropriate PPE to clean it up safely. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two simple practices to ensure effective glove use?

Remove gloves before leaving the working area and never reuse or wash them. Signup and view all the answers

Why should chemicals be stored according to recognized compatibilities?

To prevent dangerous reactions and ensure safe handling of materials. Signup and view all the answers

What are sharps containers used for in a laboratory setting?

For the safe disposal of needles, broken glassware, and other sharp objects. Signup and view all the answers

When should laboratory areas like ceilings and walls be cleaned?

Ceilings and walls might be scheduled for cleaning on a weekly basis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a laboratory safety officer?

To develop and organize safety measures and ensure compliance with safety protocols. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to prevent inhalation exposure to hazardous materials?

Use chemical fume hoods or containment devices for vapors and aerosols. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to restrict access to the laboratory?

To ensure safety by limiting exposure to hazardous materials and potential risks. Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in the safety management manual?

Written procedures for safety and biosafety practices in the laboratory. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key components typically found in a PAPR?

A PAPR typically includes a removable hood/headpiece, connector hose, battery pack, and HEPA filter. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of footwear is recommended for laboratory work?

Closed-toed footwear that fully covers the feet is recommended to protect against chemical spills and contamination. Signup and view all the answers

When should disposable sleeve guards be used in the laboratory?

Disposable sleeve guards should be used when lab coat sleeves are too short or when working in molecular testing labs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of implementing a PPE program in the workplace?

The purpose of a PPE program is to identify hazards, select appropriate PPE, and ensure proper training and monitoring. Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered when selecting appropriate types of PPE?

PPE should meet safety requirements, provide adequate protection, and suit the specific risks present in the lab. Signup and view all the answers

What training should employers provide for workers using PPE?

Employers should train workers on when PPE is necessary, how to wear it properly, and its limitations. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential for personnel to have a hazard assessment in place?

A hazard assessment helps identify appropriate PPE needed based on the specific risks of laboratory tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What personal protective equipment is typically worn in BSL-2 laboratories?

Laboratory coat or gown, nitrile gloves, and safety glasses or face shields are typically worn. Signup and view all the answers

How should laboratory management verify the competence of staff in using PPE?

Management should assess that staff can properly don, adjust, wear, and doff PPE before they can perform tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What additional precautions may require the use of extra PPE?

Additional PPE may be needed in high-risk settings or during specific laboratory processes that pose greater hazards. Signup and view all the answers

What does the lab's Safety Plan typically document?

The Safety Plan documents tasks, associated hazards, and required PPE for protection and mitigation. Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of not adhering to PPE protocols in the lab?

Not adhering to PPE protocols can result in contamination, exposure to hazards, and increased risk of accidents. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to provide PPE to staff at no cost?

Providing PPE at no cost removes barriers to compliance and ensures that all staff have access to necessary protection. Signup and view all the answers

How do natural fibers in clothing contribute to laboratory safety?

Clothing made of natural fibers is fire-resistant and helps protect against chemical exposure. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Facilities and Safety Overview

A laboratory safety program aims to safeguard employees, patients, equipment, and the environment.
Neglecting laboratory safety can lead to significant losses, including reputation, customers, and increased legal and insurance costs.
Quality and safety management are crucial responsibilities of laboratory managers.
Laboratory directors must be actively involved in designing safe environments and assessing risks.
Quality managers need to ensure training in safety rules and perform risk assessments regularly.
All laboratory personnel share the responsibility for maintaining quality and safety protocols.

Laboratory Design

Ensure segregation of pathways for patients and biological samples to minimize contamination risks.
Circulation paths should restrict access to hazardous areas to authorized personnel only.
Laboratory layout should facilitate efficient movement while reducing contamination risks during sample processing.
Post-examination results must be accurately recorded and promptly delivered to the appropriate recipients.
Communication systems should align with laboratory complexity to ensure effective messaging.

Geographic or Spatial Organization

Different access controls should separate areas handling patients from those processing samples.
Service rooms (autoclaves, sinks) should be centrally located to improve flow and reduce travel distances.
Specialized areas must be designated for activities like molecular biology and fluorescence microscopy to ensure safety.
Equipment design should consider access for delivery, maintenance, and safe handling of liquid waste.

Physical Aspects of Premises and Rooms

Laboratories require proper ventilation and space to accommodate personnel and equipment movement.
High ceilings, washable surfaces, and durable materials should be used for walls, floors, and benches.
Work areas need to be organized by analysis type to prevent cross-contamination effectively.
Daily cleaning protocols should be established for surfaces, equipment, and floors to maintain hygiene.

Safety Management Program

A dedicated safety officer typically oversees the safety program in laboratories, particularly for compliance and training.
A comprehensive safety manual should outline written procedures and training for all potential hazards.
Regular risk assessments and safety audits help identify areas for improvement.
Standard practices include hygiene protocols, restricted access, and mandatory personal protective equipment (PPE) usage.
Monthly fire drills and laboratory evacuation procedures reinforce staff preparedness for emergencies.

Identification of Risks

Comprehensive risk assessments are essential to identify and mitigate hazards within laboratory operations.
A record of staff exposures to hazardous materials is necessary for ongoing safety improvement.
Training on handling equipment (e.g., autoclaves, centrifuges) is crucial to prevent injuries.
Proper disposal methods for sharps and contaminated glassware are vital for ensuring safety.
Exposure to toxic chemicals primarily occurs through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion; proper labeling and storage are critical.

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

MSDS provide essential information on chemical hazards, safe handling, storage, and emergency measures.
Laboratories must ensure MSDS are accessible near the hazardous materials in use.
Up-to-date MSDS facilitate safe operations and compliance with legal requirements.

Laboratory-Acquired Infections

Diagnostic laboratories face contamination risks primarily from aerosols; maintaining cleanliness and safety protocols is imperative to minimize infection spread.
Special precautions must be taken when handling radiochemicals, including appropriate storage and waste disposal methods.### Containment Systems in Laboratories
Major focus on blocking aerosol diffusion in laboratory spaces.
Level 2 diagnostic labs dealing with moderate-risk pathogens require adequate ventilation.
Higher containment labs mandate continuous inward airflow and absolute air filtration to prevent aerosol release.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Key routes for lab staff infections include inhalation of aerosols, percutaneous inoculation, contact with mucous membranes, and accidental ingestion.
Access to PPE and training on its proper use are critical for reducing infection risk.
Types of PPE include goggles, masks, gloves, and protective clothing.

PPE Guidelines

Goggles: Essential for eye protection against droplet exposure during sample handling; should be worn behind protective screens if necessary.
Masks: Serve as a barrier against splashes and should be worn for all sample handling and hazardous material manipulation.
Lab Coats: Required in Level 2 labs; designed to protect skin and clothing, should cover the upper body and be comfortably fitted.
Gloves: Must be worn at all times in the lab; never reused or decontaminated; must be disposed of properly after use.

Types of Gloves

Latex Gloves: Protection against biological hazards; can cause allergic reactions; not suitable for chemical exposure.
Nitrile Gloves: Common in clinical settings; resistant to punctures and a range of hazardous chemicals; should not be reused.
Insulated Gloves: Protect against thermal hazards during high-temperature tasks.
Chemical-Resistant Gloves: Selected based on specific chemical hazards, using manufacturer compatibility guides.

Respiratory Protection

Respirators are vital in the presence of infectious aerosols; must fit tightly for effectiveness.
Types include N95, KN95, P100, and PAPRs; N95 is most commonly used.
Each respirator class has distinct resistance characteristics and efficiency ratings; must meet NIOSH standards.
A respiratory protection program must involve hazard evaluation, medical clearance, and training.

Footwear and Other PPE

Laboratory footwear should be closed-toed, avoiding sandals and other permeable materials; disposable shoe covers may be required in high containment areas.
Sleeve guards can provide additional wrist and arm protection, particularly in certain lab settings.
Laboratory dress code policies are often tailored to minimize contamination risks, including long pants, natural fiber clothing, and secured long hair.

Selection of Appropriate PPE

Selection is based on the specific hazards present, nature of tasks, and type of materials used.
Compliance with guidelines from CDC and NIOSH on the hierarchy of controls is essential for creating a safe laboratory environment.
Continuous assessment and adaptation of PPE usage are necessary according to task requirements and evolving risks.### PPE Program Implementation
Establish a PPE program including hazard identification, risk mitigation, and ongoing monitoring.
Provide PPE free of charge to all employees.
Include training on PPE use, maintenance, and limitations for all staff.
Conduct regular evaluations to ensure PPE efficacy and necessary updates.

Considerations for PPE Selection

Ensure PPE meets national and state-specific safety standards.
Capability for use in various lab combinations or different workplaces.
Provide diverse size options to accommodate all staff.
PPE must prevent hazardous material transfer to clothing and skin.
Assess whether PPE serves as a primary barrier against infectious substances or chemicals.
Perform risk assessments for laboratory processes to select suitable PPE.

Laboratory Specific Guidelines

Evaluate handling types of specimens, facility capabilities, and staff qualifications when selecting PPE.
Laboratory safety plans should document tasks, hazards, and required PPE.
Employers must carry out hazard assessments to guide PPE selection based on risks.

Employee Responsibilities and Training

Train workers on when and what type of PPE is necessary, including proper donning, doffing, and maintenance.
Require staff to demonstrate competence in PPE use before working in potentially hazardous environments.
Retraining must occur if work conditions change or if staff inadequately use PPE.

Ongoing PPE Management

Employers are obligated to create a PPE maintenance program, including replacement of worn/damaged gear and regular suitability reassessment.
Employees must properly wear, utilize, and dispose of PPE and report any needs for additional PPE.

PPE for Hazardous Material Exposure

Appropriate PPE is required for potential exposure to hazardous chemicals and biohazardous materials.
Proper laboratory attire is critical for minimizing skin exposure to hazardous agents.
Laboratories should develop specific PPE policies based on conducted risk assessments.

Biological Safety Levels

Most clinical labs operate at Biological Safety Level 2 (BSL-2) for standard clinical work.
Follow CDC standard precautions and BSL-2 safety practices for sample handling.

Typical BSL-2 PPE Items

Lab coats and/or gowns as needed.
Nitrile gloves to protect against chemicals.
Safety glasses and face shields for eye protection, used as required.
Respiratory protection based on risk assessment requirements.

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Description

This quiz covers Chapter 2 on laboratory safety, focusing on the vital aspects of facilities and safety overview. Emphasizing the significance of a well-structured laboratory safety program, it discusses the potential consequences of neglecting safety measures, including financial impacts and reputational damage.