Laboratory Diagnosis of Amoebic Dysentery

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary source of infection in amoebiasis?

Direct contact with infected individuals

Food contaminated with trophozoites

Cyst passers (correct)

Contaminated water

What is the most effective way to prevent the spread of amoebiasis in a community?

Treating all patients with antiamoebic drugs

Providing everyone with anti-amoebic vaccines

Screening and treating all food handlers

Implementing environmental sanitation and personal prophylaxis (correct)

Why is it important to avoid using human feces as fertilizers?

To prevent the growth of harmful bacteria

To prevent the transmission of amoebiasis (correct)

To prevent the contamination of water sources

To prevent the spread of other intestinal parasites

What is the primary goal of treating patients with amoebiasis?

To prevent the transmission of the parasite to others Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of food handlers in the transmission of amoebiasis?

They can spread the infection through contaminated food Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of diagnosis for intestinal amoebiasis?

Clinically, through symptoms such as dysentery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of infection for Giardiasis?

Contaminated food or water Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the stool in Giardiasis?

Yellow-colored and greasy Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnostic stage of Giardiasis?

Trophozoite and cyst Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of attachment of Giardia lamblia in the human body?

Duodenal mucosa Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment of choice for Giardiasis?

Metronidazole and quinacrine Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the attachment of Giardia lamblia to the mucous membrane?

Malabsorption of nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of di-iodohydroxyquine in the treatment of amoebiasis?

Killing trophozoites and cysts in the lumen of the intestine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for serious hepatic amoebiasis or when an abscess develops?

Emetine hydrochloride Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is concentrated in the liver and is used only for the treatment of hepatic amoebiasis?

Chloroquine phosphate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for acute dysentery?

Metronidazole or Tinidazole Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics is used in combination with di-iodohydroxyquine for the treatment of amoebiasis?

Tetracyclines Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Diluxanide furoate in the treatment of amoebiasis?

Killing trophozoites and cysts in the lumen of the intestine Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Life Cycle of Entamoeba

Entamoeba life cycle begins with the ingestion of a quadrinucleate cyst through contaminated food or water
The cyst excysts in the small intestine, releasing a trophozoite
Trophozoites multiply by binary fission in the lumen of the large intestine
Some trophozoites attach to the mucosa of the large intestine and invade the intestinal tissue
Invaded trophozoites produce histolytic enzymes, leading to the formation of flask-shaped ulcers
Trophozoites in the base of the ulcer continue to multiply and eventually encyst
The quadrinucleate cyst is passed out in the stool

Pathogenesis and Epidemiology

Pathogenesis depends on parasite virulence, host resistance, and condition of the intestinal tract
Cyst passers are the main source of infection
Cysts remain viable in faeces for a few days and in water for longer periods

Clinical Syndrome and Diagnosis

Asymptomatic: parasite in lumen and cysts pass in stool
Symptomatic: intestinal amoebiasis, fever, diarrhea, dysentery, abdominal pain, localized abdominal tenderness, painful spasm of anal sphincter
Diagnosis: clinically, dysentery, and lab diagnosis through identification of trophozoites or cysts in stool

Extra-intestinal Amoebiasis

Amoebic hepatitis or amoebic abscess, lung abscess, brain abscess
Complications of intestinal amoebiasis

Giardia Lamblia (Intestinalis)

Habitat: duodenum, upper part of small intestine, bile ducts, and gall bladder
Infective stage: cyst
Diagnostic stage: trophozoite and cyst
Mode of infection: contaminated food or water, flies, and food handlers
Life cycle: longitudinal division, enter with food, and attach to duodenal mucosa

Clinical Syndrome and Diagnosis of Giardiasis

Asymptomatic carrier: cyst passer
Symptomatic: duodenitis, epigastric pain, abdominal pain, vomiting, steatorrhea
Diagnosis: identification of cysts or trophozoites in feces

Trichomonas Vaginalis

Geographical distribution: worldwide
Common sexually transmitted protozoan
Laboratory diagnosis: direct stool examination, aspirate or biopsy from liver, and serology

Treatment of Amoebiasis

Acute dysentery: metronidazole, tinidazole, and antibiotics
Carriers: diloxanide furoate, di-iodohydroxyquine
Hepatic amoebiasis: metronidazole or tinidazole combined with chloroquine phosphate, emetine hydrochloride in severe cases

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Description

This quiz covers the laboratory diagnosis of amoebic dysentery, including stool examination, biopsy, and serology. It also touches on the treatment of acute dysentery.