Lab Tests: Techniques, Reagents, and Errors

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of laboratory errors?

  • Albumin and Alkaline phosphatase levels
  • Calcium and Magnesium levels
  • Improper calculation (correct)
  • Height and weight variations

What is the first set of labs ordered on initial patient presentation?

  • Chloride and CO2 levels
  • Sodium and Potassium levels
  • Basic Metabolic Panel and Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (correct)
  • Glucose and Blood Urea Nitrogen

Which of the following is the most prevalent cation in extracellular fluid?

  • Potassium
  • CO2
  • Sodium (correct)
  • Chloride

What is the normal range for sodium levels?

<p>135 - 147 mEq/L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hypernatremia refer to?

<p>An excess in Sodium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of hypernatremia?

<p>Gastroenteritis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hyponatremia refer to?

<p>A decrease in Sodium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of hyponatremia?

<p>Heart failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which panel includes BMP, Albumin, and Alkaline phosphatase?

<p>Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is important in regulating serum osmolality, fluid balance, and acid-base balance?

<p>Sodium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is included in the Basic Metabolic Panel?

<p>Glucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for potassium levels?

<p>3.5 - 5 mmol/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of hyperkalemia?

<p>Respiratory alkalosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chloride in the body?

<p>Maintenance of fluid balance and acid-base balance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of CO2 in the body?

<p>Regulating physiologic pH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can cause increased Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)?

<p>Shock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of creatine in the body?

<p>Skeletal muscle contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an increased serum creatine level indicate?

<p>Renal dysfunction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the setting of renal dysfunction, what does a BUN/Creatine ratio > 20 suggest?

<p>Intravascular depression or pre-renal cause (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal fasting range for Glucose?

<p>$70 - 99$ mg/dl (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause hyperkalemia?

<p>Metabolic acidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Chloride in the body?

<p>Regulating fluid balance and acid-base balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Hypochloremia refer to?

<p>Metabolic alkalosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of CO2 in the body?

<p>Regulating physiologic pH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Blood Urea Nitrogen?

<p>Marker of renal function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause increased Blood Urea Nitrogen?

<p>Heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an increased serum creatine level indicate?

<p>Renal dysfunction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal fasting range for Glucose?

<p>$70 - 110$ mg/dl (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can cause Hypokalemia?

<p>Alcohol abuse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of Hypochloremia?

<p>Prolonged vomiting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which panel includes BUN, Creatine, and Glucose?

<p>Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Hypercarbia refer to?

<p>Elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of laboratory errors in the context of lab tests?

<p>Proper sample collection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of lab tests, what is the main function of chloride in the body?

<p>Assisting in nerve impulse transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal fasting range for Glucose in lab tests?

<p>$70-99$ mg/dL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of hypernatremia in the context of lab tests?

<p>Cirrhosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an increased serum creatinine level indicate in the context of lab tests?

<p>Kidney dysfunction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which panel includes Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, CO2, Glucose, Blood Urea Nitrogen, and Serum Creatinine in lab tests?

<p>Basic Metabolic Panel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hyponatremia refer to in the context of lab tests?

<p>Decrease in Sodium levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the setting of renal dysfunction, what does a BUN/Creatinine ratio > 20 suggest in lab tests?

<p>Normal kidney function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of creatinine in the body in the context of lab tests?

<p>Waste product filtered by kidneys (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of hyperkalemia in the context of lab tests?

<p>Gastroenteritis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for potassium levels in lab tests?

<p>3.5-5 mmol/L (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of CO2 in the body in the context of lab tests?

<p>Aiding in acid-base balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of potassium in the body?

<p>Regulation of nerve excitability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can cause hyperkalemia?

<p>Cushing disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for Chloride in serum?

<p>95-105 mEq/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of CO2 in the body?

<p>Regulate physiologic pH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)?

<p>10-20 mg/dL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Creatine in the body?

<p>Energy production in muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an increased serum Creatine level indicate?

<p>Renal failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a BUN/Creatinine ratio > 20 suggest in the setting of renal dysfunction?

<p>Intravascular depression or pre-renal cause e.g. dehydration, GI bleeding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Hypercarbia refer to?

<p>Increased blood carbon dioxide levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal fasting diabetic range for Glucose?

<p>80-130 mg/dl (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can cause increased Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)?

<p>Renal failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for potassium levels in lab tests?

<p>3.5-5.0 mEq/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chloride in the body?

<p>Regulating fluid balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause increased Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)?

<p>Chronic renal failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of hyperkalemia?

<p>Heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hyponatremia refer to?

<p>Decrease in Sodium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for potassium levels in lab tests?

<p>$3.5 - 5.0$ mmol/L (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of CO2 in the body?

<p>Assisting in acid-base balance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can cause Hyponatremia?

<p>$SIADH$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of Hypochloremia?

<p>$Severe burns$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an increased serum creatinine level indicate?

<p>$Chronic renal failure$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal fasting range for Glucose?

<p>70-99 mg/dL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which panel includes Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, CO2, Glucose, Blood Urea Nitrogen, and Serum Creatinine in lab tests?

<p>Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for sodium levels in lab tests?

<p>135-147 mEq/L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can cause hypernatremia?

<p>Diabetes insipidus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hypercarbia refer to?

<p>Excessive CO2 in the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an increased serum creatinine level indicate?

<p>Chronic renal failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can cause hyponatremia?

<p>SIADH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of chloride in the body?

<p>Fluid balance and acid-base balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause increased Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)?

<p>Chronic renal failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of CO2 in the body?

<p>Buffering pH and maintaining acid-base balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hyperkalemia refer to?

<p>Excess potassium in the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for potassium levels in lab tests?

<p>$3.5-5$ mmol/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can cause hypochloremia?

<p>Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the setting of renal dysfunction, what does a BUN/Creatinine ratio > 20 suggest?

<p>Acute kidney injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hyponatremia refer to?

<p>Decreased serum sodium level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chloride in the body?

<p>Conducting a passive role in maintenance of fluid balance and acid-base balance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of lab tests, what is the main function of potassium in the body?

<p>Maintaining muscle function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hypercarbia refer to?

<p>High levels of carbon dioxide in the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of CO2 in the body in the context of lab tests?

<p>Regulating physiologic pH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an increased serum Creatinine level indicate?

<p>Renal dysfunction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Laboratory Errors and Electrolyte Imbalances

  • A potential cause of laboratory errors is an incorrect sample or sample contamination.
  • The first set of labs ordered on initial patient presentation typically includes a Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP).

Electrolyte Imbalances

  • Sodium is the most prevalent cation in extracellular fluid.
  • The normal range for sodium levels is 135-145 mmol/L.
  • Hypernatremia refers to elevated sodium levels (>145 mmol/L), which can be caused by dehydration or diuretic use.
  • Hyponatremia refers to low sodium levels (<135 mmol/L), which can be caused by heart failure or liver disease.

Potassium

  • The normal range for potassium levels is 3.5-5.5 mmol/L.
  • Hyperkalemia refers to elevated potassium levels (>5.5 mmol/L), which can be caused by kidney disease or medication side effects.
  • Hypokalemia refers to low potassium levels (<3.5 mmol/L), which can be caused by diarrhea or vomiting.

Chloride

  • Chloride is the primary anion in extracellular fluid.
  • The normal range for chloride levels is 96-106 mmol/L.
  • Hypochloremia refers to low chloride levels (<96 mmol/L), which can be caused by vomiting or diuretic use.

CO2 and Blood Gases

  • CO2 is an important component of blood gases, helping regulate pH levels.
  • Hypercarbia refers to elevated CO2 levels (>45 mmol/L), which can be caused by respiratory acidosis.

Renal Function Tests

  • Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) measures kidney function.
  • The normal range for BUN is 7-20 mg/dL.
  • An increased BUN level can indicate kidney disease or obstruction.
  • Creatine measures kidney function and muscle mass.
  • The normal range for creatine is 0.5-1.1 mg/dL.
  • An increased creatine level indicates kidney disease or muscular dystrophy.

Glucose

  • The normal fasting range for glucose is 70-100 mg/dL.
  • An increased glucose level can indicate diabetes or insulin resistance.

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)

  • The CMP includes:
    • Sodium
    • Potassium
    • Chloride
    • CO2
    • Glucose
    • Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
    • Serum Creatinine

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