Lab Test 1: Skin Assessment Techniques
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Questions and Answers

What movement is described as pointing the toes away from the body?

  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Plantar flexion (correct)
  • Dorsi flexion

    • Which level of consciousness is characterized by someone who is lethargic but responsive to stimuli?

  • Stupor
  • Obtundation (correct)
  • Confusion
  • Coma

    • What is the correct term for moving an extremity away from the body?

  • Internal rotation
  • Abduction (correct)
  • Adduction
  • Hyperextension

    • Which cranial nerve assessment does not involve eye symmetry or movement?

    <p>Pupillary response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a state where a person exhibits altered awareness of time, place, or person?

    <p>Disorientation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What Glasgow Coma Scale score indicates a serious condition requiring urgent medical attention?

    <p>7 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement involves the rotation of an extremity outward?

    <p>External rotation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of memory retrieval would involve recalling what day it is?

    <p>Immediate memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the involuntary eye movement commonly observed in clients with strokes?

    <p>Nystagmus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymph nodes are described as hard and immobile?

    <p>Malignant lymph nodes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of blood flow from the body back to the heart?

    <p>Superior Vena Cava, Right atrium, Right ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What findings are typically associated with inflamed lymph nodes?

    <p>Swollen, puffy, enlarged (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the dorsal recumbent position?

    <p>Laying on the back with knees pulled in and hips externally rotated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the landmarks for chest/thorax assessments?

    <p>Cervical spine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PMI stand for in cardiac assessment?

    <p>Point of Maximum Impulse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skin lesion is characterized as elevated and filled with pus?

    <p>Pustule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the abnormal sound indicating a heart murmur called?

    <p>S3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cyanosis indicate about the patient’s condition?

    <p>Insufficient oxygen and poor circulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does presbyopia have on vision?

    <p>Difficulty seeing objects up close (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following postural abnormalities describes an exaggerated lumbar curve?

    <p>Lordosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a macule?

    <p>It is flat and smaller than 1 cm with a circular border. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a capillary refill time of less than 3 seconds indicate?

    <p>Potential dehydration and good blood circulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a wheal?

    <p>An elevated, reddish area with irregular borders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skin color variation is indicated by a yellow-orange hue?

    <p>Jaundice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of petechiae?

    <p>Red dots that don't go away with palpation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes hyperactive bowel sounds?

    <p>Loud and consistent sounds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a pulse rated as '2' on the pulse scale?

    <p>Expected, normal radial pulse. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung sounds are loudest during expiration?

    <p>Tracheal sounds in the trachea. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be assessed when checking for acute appendicitis?

    <p>Check for tenderness around the wound with gentle palpation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a pitting edema indicate?

    <p>Skin indentation remains after pressure is applied. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the body is NOT found in the right lower quadrant?

    <p>Transverse colon. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common assessment for pneumonia?

    <p>Perform double hand expansion on the back. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Dorsal Recumbent Position

    Laying on the back with knees pulled in and hips externally rotated.

    Cyanosis

    Bluish skin color due to low oxygen and poor blood flow.

    Jaundice

    Yellow-orange skin discoloration caused by high bilirubin levels.

    Macule

    A flat, discolored skin spot less than 1 cm, can be various shades.

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    Papule

    A small, raised, solid skin lesion, less than 0.5 cm.

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    Capillary Refill

    A measure of blood flow to tissues, ideally less than 3 seconds.

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    Presbyopia

    Difficulty focusing on near objects, often associated with aging.

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    Myopia

    Difficulty focusing on distant objects.

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    Strabismus

    A condition where the eyes are misaligned, causing a cross-eyed appearance. This is due to poor neuromuscular control of the eye muscles.

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    Nystagmus

    Involuntary, rhythmic eye movements that can be horizontal, vertical, or rotary. Often seen in individuals who have experienced strokes.

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    PERRLA

    An acronym used to describe normal pupil function: Pupils are Equal, Round, Reactive to Light, and Accommodation.

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    Red Reflex

    A red-orange glow observed when light is shined into the eye, reflecting off the retina. This test is used to assess infants' eyes.

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    Inflamed Lymph Nodes

    Lymph nodes that are swollen, puffy, enlarged, and painful or tender. This is usually a sign of infection.

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    Malignant Lymph Nodes

    Lymph nodes that are hard, immobile, and often a sign of cancer.

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    PMI

    Point of Maximal Impulse. It's the location where the heartbeat is strongest, usually found at the apex of the heart.

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    Bruit

    An abnormal sound heard through a stethoscope, often a blowing or swishing noise, indicating turbulent blood flow.

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    Flexion

    Bending a body part, decreasing the angle between bones.

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    Extension

    Straightening a body part, increasing the angle between bones.

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    Dorsiflexion

    Pulling the foot upwards, toes towards the shin.

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    Hyperextension

    Moving a body part beyond its normal resting position while extending.

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    Plantarflexion

    Pointing the toes downwards, as if pressing your foot into the ground.

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    Pronation

    Turning the palm downwards, like facing the ground.

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    Supination

    Turning the palm upwards, like holding a bowl of soup.

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    Hypoactive bowel sounds

    Quiet and slow bowel sounds, indicating decreased bowel activity.

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    Abduction

    Moving a body part away from the midline of the body.

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    Hyperactive bowel sounds

    Loud and consistent bowel sounds, indicating increased bowel activity.

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    Absent bowel sounds

    No bowel sounds at all, must listen for 5 minutes in each quadrant of the abdomen.

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    Vesicular breath sounds

    Normal breath sounds heard over most of the lung fields, with inspiration louder than expiration.

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    Bronchovesicular breath sounds

    Normal breath sounds heard over the central chest area, with inspiration and expiration roughly equal in loudness.

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    Bronchial breath sounds

    Normal breath sounds heard over the trachea, with expiration louder than inspiration.

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    Petechiae

    Small, red, non-blanchable spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin.

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    Pitting edema

    Fluid accumulation in the tissues, causing indentation when pressed.

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    Study Notes

    Lab Test 1: Assessment

    • Positions for Examination:

      • Dorsal Recumbent: lying on back, knees pulled in, hips externally rotated
      • Supine: lying on back, legs extended
      • Sitting
      • Lithotomy: lying on back, feet supported in stirrups
      • Sims: lying on side, lower arm behind body, upper arm and leg flexed
      • Prone: lying on stomach, head turned to side

    • Skin Color Variations:

      • Cyanosis: blue coloration, poor circulation, insufficient oxygen
      • Jaundice: yellow-orange coloration, excessive bilirubin in blood
      • Pallor: pale coloration, reduced oxyhaemoglobin in blood
      • Erythema: reddening of skin, dilated capillaries

    • Primary Skin Lesions:

      • Macule: flat, <1cm diameter, circular border (freckles, measles, petechiae)
      • Papule: raised, solid, palpable mass, <0.5 cm (warts, plaques)
      • Nodule: raised, solid, palpable mass, deeper than papule, irregular border (tumors)
      • Vesicle: raised, fluid-filled, round/oval, thin walls (herpes, early chicken pox, blisters)
      • Bulla: raised, fluid-filled, larger than vesicle (burns)
      • Wheal: raised, reddish area, irregular border (insect bites, hives)
      • Pustule: raised, pus-filled vesicle/bulla (acne, boils)
      • Cyst: raised, encapsulated, solid/fluid-filled mass (sebaceous cysts, epidermoid cysts)

    Visual Examination

    • Presbyopia: difficulty seeing close up (aging)
    • Myopia: difficulty seeing far away
    • Cataracts: cloudiness in lens, interfering with clear vision
    • Strabismus: crossed eyes, poor neuromuscular control
    • Nystagmus: involuntary eye movements (e.g., strokes)
    • Visual fields: area of vision in each direction
    • PERRLA: pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation
    • Red reflex: red-orange flash when light reflects off retina (infant test)

    Lymph Nodes

    • Normal Lymph Nodes: mobile, soft, moves with circular motion
    • Inflamed Lymph Nodes: swollen, puffy, enlarged, painful, or tender
    • Malignant Lymph Nodes: hard, immobile

    Chest/Thorax Landmarks

    • Suprasternal notch: notch at lower neck above collarbones
    • Manubrium: upper part of sternum
    • Sternal angle: angle where manubrium meets sternum body
    • Ribs: include 2nd rib and 2nd intercostal space, midclavicular and midscapular lines, midaxillary, costal angle.

    Cardiac Assessment

    • PMI: point of maximal impulse (mitral area, apex of heart)
    • Murmur: abnormal heart sound, often caused by turbulent blood flow (e.g., valve problems)
    • Thrill: vibratory sensation felt on skin during a murmur (indicating loud murmur)
    • Bruit: abnormal blowing or swishing sound (often heard with stethoscope)
    • Blood flow pathway: Superior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta.

    Self Breast and Self Testicular Exam

    • Breast exam: perform monthly self-palpation, breasts should be smooth, firm and elastic
    • Self testicular exams: check bulging, non-erect penis is soft and flaccid, no lesions, redness, sores, discharge

    Musculoskeletal Assessment

    • Postural abnormalities: lordosis (exaggerated lumbar curve), kyphosis (hunchback), scoliosis (crooked spine)
    • Hypertonicity: muscle over-flexion
    • Hypotonicity: less muscle tension, flaccid
    • ROM positions: flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, pronation, supination, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation

    Neurological Assessment

    • Level of Consciousness: full consciousness, 4(walkie talkie), 3(stupors) ,2(drowsy/ disoriented) ,1(coma).
    • Confusion, disorientation, obtundation, stupor, coma: different levels of consciousness.
    • Neurological deficits: observed based on responses to stimuli

    Other Assessments

    • Aphasia/Deep Coma: difficulty speaking, unresponsive
    • Cranial Nerves: symmetry during eye, shoulder shrugging, tongue in cheek and eyebrow test
    • 5 Ps: pain, pallor, pulse, paresthesia (weird sensations), paralysis
    • Glasgow Coma Scale: 3-15 (lowest score indicates greater neurological damage)
    • Delirium: confused, disorientated (short-term, e.g., poor oxygenation, infections, medication)
    • Dementia: irreversible cognitive decline (long-term)
    • Memory assessment: immediate, recent, and remote memory
    • Leukoplakia: white patches in mouth
    • Bowel sounds: hypoactive, hyperactive, absent
    • Breath sounds: vesicular, bronchovesicular, and bronchial.
    • Pulse, edema scale, petechiae: indicators of circulation, swelling, and pinpoint skin marks.
    • Quadrants: (upper left and right, lower left and right) for abdominal organ assessment (liver, kidneys, stomach, intestines).

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    Lab Test 1: Assessment PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential positions for examination and skin color variations crucial for assessing patients. Additionally, it examines primary skin lesions, including definitions and examples. Test your knowledge with various questions related to these key assessment skills.

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