Lab Practical 2 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Compare and contrast the functions of the uvula and epiglottis.

The uvula functions to close the passageway between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx upon swallowing. The epiglottis directs food/fluid into their proper passageways by closing the opening of the larynx when swallowing.

Why is it advantageous for nasal conchae to cause turbulence in inspired air?

To increase inhaled air's contact with mucosa to moisten and warm the air.

Explain the difference in function between conducting zone structures and respiratory zone structures.

Conducting zone structures consist of the nasal cavity through the terminal bronchioles and function as air passageways that warm and humidify air. Respiratory zone structures consist of the respiratory bronchioles through the respiratory membrane and function as the site of gas exchange.

What cell types are part of the respiratory membrane?

Endothelial cells of pulmonary capillaries and Type I simple squamous epithelial cells of alveoli. Signup and view all the answers

Which gases move through the respiratory membrane and in which direction?

O2 moves from the lungs (alveoli) to the pulmonary capillaries, and CO2 moves from the pulmonary capillaries into the lungs (alveoli). Signup and view all the answers

By what mechanism does mucus move in respiratory structures? What is the purpose of this movement?

Cilia move mucus in order to trap particles. Signup and view all the answers

Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is calculated as _______.

TV + IRV + ERV + RV. Signup and view all the answers

Vital Capacity (VC) is calculated as _______.

TV + IRV + ERV. Signup and view all the answers

Inspiratory Capacity (IC) is calculated as _______.

TV + IRV. Signup and view all the answers

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is calculated as _______.

ERV + RV. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to respiratory volumes when you have a chest cold? Why?

They decrease due to displacement by mucus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between pulmonary ventilation and respiration?

Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air, and pulmonary respiration is the movement of gases across the respiratory membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a GI tract organ (alimentary canal organ) and an accessory organ?

Food material passes through GI tract organs, while food material does not pass through accessory organs. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the mesenteries (folds of peritoneum)?

Help secure organs in place and provide a route for blood, lymph, and nerves. Signup and view all the answers

What enzymes digest carbohydrates?

Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, and brush border enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

In what locations are the enzymes Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, and brush border enzymes found?

Salivary amylase is secreted from the oral cavity, pancreatic amylase is secreted from the pancreas, and brush border enzymes remain in the small intestine plasma membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What are the end products of starch and carbohydrate digestion?

Monosaccharides: glucose, galactose, and fructose. Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme in the stomach digests proteins?

Pepsin. Signup and view all the answers

What enzymes in the small intestine digest proteins?

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and brush border enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the end products of protein digestion?

Free amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

How does bile assist in the digestion of fats?

It emulsifies fat for easier chemical digestion. Signup and view all the answers

What enzymes found in pancreatic juice digest fats?

Pancreatic lipase. Signup and view all the answers

Where do pancreatic enzymes digest food substances?

Small intestine. Signup and view all the answers

What are the end products of fat digestion?

Fatty acids. Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme(s) require a low pH for optimal function?

Trypsin and pepsin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of the optimal pH for enzyme function?

Low pH causes the enzyme to have the best shape for binding the substrate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of the pancreas secreting enzyme precursors into the duodenum rather than active enzymes?

It prevents digestion of/damage to the pancreas. Signup and view all the answers

Place the following blood vessels in order from aorta to inferior vena cava.

Aorta, renal artery, segmental artery, lobar artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, interlobar vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, renal vein, IVC. Signup and view all the answers

How long is the average male urethra? How long is the average female urethra?

The average male urethra is about 8 inches, and the average female urethra is about 1.5 inches. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the length and position of the female urethra increase vulnerability to infection.

The shorter urethra and location close to the anus increases vulnerability to infection. Having a longer urethra increases the likelihood of urination before bacteria reaches the bladder. Signup and view all the answers

Trace the path of sperm from their site of production to the external urethral orifice.

Seminiferous tubules of testis → rete testis → epididymis → ductus deferens → ampulla of ductus deferens → ejaculatory duct → prostatic urethra → membranous urethra → spongy urethra → external urethral orifice. Signup and view all the answers

What two glands contribute to the production of semen?

Seminal vesicle and prostate gland. Signup and view all the answers

What general substances are secreted by the seminal vesicle and prostate gland?

Seminal vesicle secretes alkaline fluid with coagulating enzyme and fructose sugars. Prostate gland secretes fluid with nutrients and activating enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones regulate the ovarian cycle?

LH and FSH. Signup and view all the answers

Describe a primordial follicle.

Consists of a primary oocyte and a single layer of flattened follicle cells. Signup and view all the answers

Describe a primary follicle.

Consists of a primary oocyte with a single layer of granulosa cells and a zona pellucida. This follicle secretes estrogen. Signup and view all the answers

Describe a secondary follicle.

Consists of a primary oocyte with layers of granulosa cells, thecal cells, and a zona pellucida. Signup and view all the answers

Describe a vesicular/antral follicle.

The main feature is the presence of a fluid-filled antrum. It consists of a primary oocyte with layers of granulosa cells, thecal cells, cumulus oophorus, corona radiata, and a zona pellucida. Signup and view all the answers

Describe a mature follicle.

The main feature is the presence of a secondary oocyte. It consists of layers of granulosa cells, thecal cells, cumulus oophorus, corona radiata, and a zona pellucida. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates ovulation?

LH. Signup and view all the answers

Trace the path of the oocyte from its site of production to its exit during the menstrual phase.

Primordial follicle → primary follicle → secondary follicle → antral follicle (primary oocyte) → mature follicle (secondary oocyte) → ovulated secondary follicle → corpus luteum → corpus albicans. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the corpus luteum?

To secrete progesterone and estrogen to stimulate the buildup of the uterine lining for possible implantation of a fertilized oocyte. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the corpus luteum after 14 days if: a. the oocyte is fertilized and becomes an embryo? b. the oocyte is not fertilized?

a. The corpus luteum secretes hormones for 12 weeks until the placenta takes over, becoming the corpus albicans. b. The corpus luteum degenerates into scar tissue called corpus albicans. Signup and view all the answers

What chemical signal is produced by the embryo that affects the corpus luteum?

hCG. Signup and view all the answers

What would be the result of a pregnancy if the placenta forms improperly and cannot take over hormone production for the corpus luteum? At how many weeks does this change typically happen?

This can result in a miscarriage due to insufficient progesterone. The change occurs around 12 weeks. Signup and view all the answers

List the events of the menstrual cycle and include the relative amounts and roles of estrogen and progesterone.

<ol> <li>Menstrual Phase (days 1-5): sloughing off of functional layer of endometrium with low levels of estrogen and progesterone. 2. Proliferative Phase (days 6-14): development of new functional layer of endometrium with an increase in estrogen until day 14 when there is a sudden drop. 3. Secretory Phase (days 15-28): increased vascularization and uterine gland development with increases in progesterone and estrogen.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

In guinea pigs, if curly hair (s) is recessive to straight hair (S), what are the percentages of each possible genotype and phenotype for a cross between a curly haired and a homozygous straight haired guinea pig?

100% straight hair phenotype and 100% Ss heterozygous genotype. Signup and view all the answers

Define allele.

A variant of a gene on a chromosome that matches a gene on a homologous chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

Define homozygous.

The alleles for a particular gene are the same. Signup and view all the answers

Define autosome.

Chromosomes #1-22; each body cell will have two of each. Signup and view all the answers

Define dominant.

An allele that is always expressed when present. Signup and view all the answers

Define genotype.

The alleles that are present on the chromosomes; the genetic make-up of an individual. Signup and view all the answers

Define phenotype.

The physical expression of an allele. Signup and view all the answers

Draw a Punnett square for a cross between a woman who carries the gene for male pattern baldness (X-linked recessive) and a man with male pattern baldness.

Space A: XA, Space B: Xa, Space C: Xa, Space D: Y, Space 1: XAXA, Space 2: XaXa, Space 3: XAY, Space 4: XaY. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiratory System Function

Uvula closes passageway between nasopharynx and oropharynx while epiglottis directs food/fluid into the larynx to prevent aspiration during swallowing.
Nasal conchae create turbulence in inhaled air, enhancing contact with mucosa for warming and moisture.
Conducting zone includes nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles for air passage; respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles to respiratory membrane for gas exchange.
Respiratory membrane consists of endothelial cells of pulmonary capillaries and Type I squamous epithelial cells of alveoli.

Gas Exchange Mechanism

Oxygen (O2) transfers from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide (CO2) moves from capillaries to alveoli.
Mucus in respiratory structures is propelled by cilia to trap particles and keep airways clear.

Lung Capacities and Effects of Illness

Total Lung Capacity (TLC) includes tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.
Vital Capacity (VC) is the sum of tidal, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve volumes.
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) comprises tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes; Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) combines expiratory reserve and residual volumes.
Respiratory volumes decrease during a chest cold due to mucus displacement.

Digestion Processes

Mesenteries secure abdominal organs and provide routes for blood, lymph, and nerves; lesser omentum connects the stomach to the liver, greater omentum covers the small intestine.
Enzymes for carbohydrate digestion include salivary amylase (oral cavity), pancreatic amylase (pancreas), and brush border enzymes (small intestine membrane).
Starch digestion end products are monosaccharides like glucose, galactose, and fructose; protein digestion involves pepsin in the stomach and trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase in the small intestine, yielding free amino acids.
Bile emulsifies fats for digestion; pancreatic lipase is the main enzyme for fat digestion, occurring in the small intestine, resulting in fatty acids.

Hormonal Regulation in Reproduction

LH and FSH regulate the ovarian cycle.
Corpus luteum produces progesterone and estrogen to prepare the uterus for potential implantation of fertilized eggs; its fate depends on fertilization.
Hormone production shifts from corpus luteum to placenta around 12 weeks of pregnancy.

Follicle Development

Multiple follicle stages: primordial (primary oocyte + flat follicle cells), primary (with granulosa cells and zona pellucida), secondary (with thecal cells), vesicular (with fluid-filled antrum), and mature (secondary oocyte present).
Ovulation is stimulated by LH.

Menstrual Cycle Overview

Menstrual phase (days 1-5) features low estrogen/progesterone, leading to endometrial shedding.
Proliferative phase (days 6-14) sees rising estrogen and endometrial growth until a peak and drop at ovulation.
Secretory phase (days 15-28) involves increased vascularization and gland development due to elevated estrogen and progesterone.

Genotype and Phenotype Concepts

Alleles represent gene variants on chromosomes; homozygous alleles are identical.
Dominant alleles express phenotypically over recessive alleles.
Male pattern baldness is an X-linked recessive trait; Punnett square analysis reveals inheritance patterns between carriers and affected individuals.

Urethra Structure

Average male urethra measures approximately 8 inches; average female urethra measures about 1.5 inches.
The shorter female urethra, located near the anus, increases susceptibility to urinary tract infections.

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Test your knowledge on the functions of the uvula and epiglottis, along with the advantages of nasal conchae in respiration. These flashcards will help you compare and contrast these anatomical structures while exploring their physiological roles. Perfect for those studying anatomy or preparing for lab practicals.