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Questions and Answers
Compare and contrast the functions of the uvula and epiglottis.
Compare and contrast the functions of the uvula and epiglottis.
The uvula functions to close the passageway between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx upon swallowing. The epiglottis directs food/fluid into their proper passageways by closing the opening of the larynx when swallowing.
Why is it advantageous for nasal conchae to cause turbulence in inspired air?
Why is it advantageous for nasal conchae to cause turbulence in inspired air?
To increase inhaled air's contact with mucosa to moisten and warm the air.
Explain the difference in function between conducting zone structures and respiratory zone structures.
Explain the difference in function between conducting zone structures and respiratory zone structures.
Conducting zone structures consist of the nasal cavity through the terminal bronchioles and function as air passageways that warm and humidify air. Respiratory zone structures consist of the respiratory bronchioles through the respiratory membrane and function as the site of gas exchange.
What cell types are part of the respiratory membrane?
What cell types are part of the respiratory membrane?
Which gases move through the respiratory membrane and in which direction?
Which gases move through the respiratory membrane and in which direction?
By what mechanism does mucus move in respiratory structures? What is the purpose of this movement?
By what mechanism does mucus move in respiratory structures? What is the purpose of this movement?
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is calculated as _______.
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is calculated as _______.
Vital Capacity (VC) is calculated as _______.
Vital Capacity (VC) is calculated as _______.
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) is calculated as _______.
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) is calculated as _______.
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is calculated as _______.
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is calculated as _______.
What happens to respiratory volumes when you have a chest cold? Why?
What happens to respiratory volumes when you have a chest cold? Why?
What is the relationship between pulmonary ventilation and respiration?
What is the relationship between pulmonary ventilation and respiration?
What is the difference between a GI tract organ (alimentary canal organ) and an accessory organ?
What is the difference between a GI tract organ (alimentary canal organ) and an accessory organ?
What are the functions of the mesenteries (folds of peritoneum)?
What are the functions of the mesenteries (folds of peritoneum)?
What enzymes digest carbohydrates?
What enzymes digest carbohydrates?
In what locations are the enzymes Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, and brush border enzymes found?
In what locations are the enzymes Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, and brush border enzymes found?
What are the end products of starch and carbohydrate digestion?
What are the end products of starch and carbohydrate digestion?
What enzyme in the stomach digests proteins?
What enzyme in the stomach digests proteins?
What enzymes in the small intestine digest proteins?
What enzymes in the small intestine digest proteins?
What are the end products of protein digestion?
What are the end products of protein digestion?
How does bile assist in the digestion of fats?
How does bile assist in the digestion of fats?
What enzymes found in pancreatic juice digest fats?
What enzymes found in pancreatic juice digest fats?
Where do pancreatic enzymes digest food substances?
Where do pancreatic enzymes digest food substances?
What are the end products of fat digestion?
What are the end products of fat digestion?
Which enzyme(s) require a low pH for optimal function?
Which enzyme(s) require a low pH for optimal function?
What is the advantage of the optimal pH for enzyme function?
What is the advantage of the optimal pH for enzyme function?
What is the advantage of the pancreas secreting enzyme precursors into the duodenum rather than active enzymes?
What is the advantage of the pancreas secreting enzyme precursors into the duodenum rather than active enzymes?
Place the following blood vessels in order from aorta to inferior vena cava.
Place the following blood vessels in order from aorta to inferior vena cava.
How long is the average male urethra? How long is the average female urethra?
How long is the average male urethra? How long is the average female urethra?
Explain how the length and position of the female urethra increase vulnerability to infection.
Explain how the length and position of the female urethra increase vulnerability to infection.
Trace the path of sperm from their site of production to the external urethral orifice.
Trace the path of sperm from their site of production to the external urethral orifice.
What two glands contribute to the production of semen?
What two glands contribute to the production of semen?
What general substances are secreted by the seminal vesicle and prostate gland?
What general substances are secreted by the seminal vesicle and prostate gland?
Which hormones regulate the ovarian cycle?
Which hormones regulate the ovarian cycle?
Describe a primordial follicle.
Describe a primordial follicle.
Describe a primary follicle.
Describe a primary follicle.
Describe a secondary follicle.
Describe a secondary follicle.
Describe a vesicular/antral follicle.
Describe a vesicular/antral follicle.
Describe a mature follicle.
Describe a mature follicle.
Which hormone stimulates ovulation?
Which hormone stimulates ovulation?
Trace the path of the oocyte from its site of production to its exit during the menstrual phase.
Trace the path of the oocyte from its site of production to its exit during the menstrual phase.
What is the function of the corpus luteum?
What is the function of the corpus luteum?
What happens to the corpus luteum after 14 days if: a. the oocyte is fertilized and becomes an embryo? b. the oocyte is not fertilized?
What happens to the corpus luteum after 14 days if: a. the oocyte is fertilized and becomes an embryo? b. the oocyte is not fertilized?
What chemical signal is produced by the embryo that affects the corpus luteum?
What chemical signal is produced by the embryo that affects the corpus luteum?
What would be the result of a pregnancy if the placenta forms improperly and cannot take over hormone production for the corpus luteum? At how many weeks does this change typically happen?
What would be the result of a pregnancy if the placenta forms improperly and cannot take over hormone production for the corpus luteum? At how many weeks does this change typically happen?
List the events of the menstrual cycle and include the relative amounts and roles of estrogen and progesterone.
List the events of the menstrual cycle and include the relative amounts and roles of estrogen and progesterone.
In guinea pigs, if curly hair (s) is recessive to straight hair (S), what are the percentages of each possible genotype and phenotype for a cross between a curly haired and a homozygous straight haired guinea pig?
In guinea pigs, if curly hair (s) is recessive to straight hair (S), what are the percentages of each possible genotype and phenotype for a cross between a curly haired and a homozygous straight haired guinea pig?
Define allele.
Define allele.
Define homozygous.
Define homozygous.
Define autosome.
Define autosome.
Define dominant.
Define dominant.
Define genotype.
Define genotype.
Define phenotype.
Define phenotype.
Draw a Punnett square for a cross between a woman who carries the gene for male pattern baldness (X-linked recessive) and a man with male pattern baldness.
Draw a Punnett square for a cross between a woman who carries the gene for male pattern baldness (X-linked recessive) and a man with male pattern baldness.
Study Notes
Respiratory System Function
- Uvula closes passageway between nasopharynx and oropharynx while epiglottis directs food/fluid into the larynx to prevent aspiration during swallowing.
- Nasal conchae create turbulence in inhaled air, enhancing contact with mucosa for warming and moisture.
- Conducting zone includes nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles for air passage; respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles to respiratory membrane for gas exchange.
- Respiratory membrane consists of endothelial cells of pulmonary capillaries and Type I squamous epithelial cells of alveoli.
Gas Exchange Mechanism
- Oxygen (O2) transfers from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide (CO2) moves from capillaries to alveoli.
- Mucus in respiratory structures is propelled by cilia to trap particles and keep airways clear.
Lung Capacities and Effects of Illness
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC) includes tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.
- Vital Capacity (VC) is the sum of tidal, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve volumes.
- Inspiratory Capacity (IC) comprises tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes; Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) combines expiratory reserve and residual volumes.
- Respiratory volumes decrease during a chest cold due to mucus displacement.
Digestion Processes
- Mesenteries secure abdominal organs and provide routes for blood, lymph, and nerves; lesser omentum connects the stomach to the liver, greater omentum covers the small intestine.
- Enzymes for carbohydrate digestion include salivary amylase (oral cavity), pancreatic amylase (pancreas), and brush border enzymes (small intestine membrane).
- Starch digestion end products are monosaccharides like glucose, galactose, and fructose; protein digestion involves pepsin in the stomach and trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase in the small intestine, yielding free amino acids.
- Bile emulsifies fats for digestion; pancreatic lipase is the main enzyme for fat digestion, occurring in the small intestine, resulting in fatty acids.
Hormonal Regulation in Reproduction
- LH and FSH regulate the ovarian cycle.
- Corpus luteum produces progesterone and estrogen to prepare the uterus for potential implantation of fertilized eggs; its fate depends on fertilization.
- Hormone production shifts from corpus luteum to placenta around 12 weeks of pregnancy.
Follicle Development
- Multiple follicle stages: primordial (primary oocyte + flat follicle cells), primary (with granulosa cells and zona pellucida), secondary (with thecal cells), vesicular (with fluid-filled antrum), and mature (secondary oocyte present).
- Ovulation is stimulated by LH.
Menstrual Cycle Overview
- Menstrual phase (days 1-5) features low estrogen/progesterone, leading to endometrial shedding.
- Proliferative phase (days 6-14) sees rising estrogen and endometrial growth until a peak and drop at ovulation.
- Secretory phase (days 15-28) involves increased vascularization and gland development due to elevated estrogen and progesterone.
Genotype and Phenotype Concepts
- Alleles represent gene variants on chromosomes; homozygous alleles are identical.
- Dominant alleles express phenotypically over recessive alleles.
- Male pattern baldness is an X-linked recessive trait; Punnett square analysis reveals inheritance patterns between carriers and affected individuals.
Urethra Structure
- Average male urethra measures approximately 8 inches; average female urethra measures about 1.5 inches.
- The shorter female urethra, located near the anus, increases susceptibility to urinary tract infections.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the functions of the uvula and epiglottis, along with the advantages of nasal conchae in respiration. These flashcards will help you compare and contrast these anatomical structures while exploring their physiological roles. Perfect for those studying anatomy or preparing for lab practicals.
