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Questions and Answers
What are the three criteria that any solution to the critical section problem must satisfy?
What are the three criteria that any solution to the critical section problem must satisfy?
What is a race condition?
What is a race condition?
A situation that may occur inside a critical section where the output of a shared variable or memory is incorrect due to multiple thread executions accessing shared variables or memory in different orders.
Which of the following is NOT a solution criterion for the critical section problem?
Which of the following is NOT a solution criterion for the critical section problem?
Which software-based solution for the critical section problem is known for its effectiveness in a uniprocessor environment and uses two shared variables: flag[] and turn?
Which software-based solution for the critical section problem is known for its effectiveness in a uniprocessor environment and uses two shared variables: flag[] and turn?
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Explain the difference between a Mutex and a Semaphore.
Explain the difference between a Mutex and a Semaphore.
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What is the purpose of the Producer-Consumer Problem (Bounded Buffer Problem)?
What is the purpose of the Producer-Consumer Problem (Bounded Buffer Problem)?
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Both Binary and Counting Semaphores are initialized to 1.
Both Binary and Counting Semaphores are initialized to 1.
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Which semaphore type can be used to control access to a resource that has multiple instances?
Which semaphore type can be used to control access to a resource that has multiple instances?
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What is the problem with Deadlock?
What is the problem with Deadlock?
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What is the key difference between Deadlock Prevention and Deadlock Avoidance techniques?
What is the key difference between Deadlock Prevention and Deadlock Avoidance techniques?
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What is the purpose of the Banker's Algorithm (Deadlock Avoidance Technique)?
What is the purpose of the Banker's Algorithm (Deadlock Avoidance Technique)?
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Which of the following is not a necessary condition for a deadlock?
Which of the following is not a necessary condition for a deadlock?
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Explain the difference between Message Passing and Shared Memory as inter-process communication mechanisms?
Explain the difference between Message Passing and Shared Memory as inter-process communication mechanisms?
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Which virtualization technique involves directly manipulating the hardware layer by a hypervisor, offering faster performance but potentially limited portability?
Which virtualization technique involves directly manipulating the hardware layer by a hypervisor, offering faster performance but potentially limited portability?
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Virtual Machines (VMs) can only run one operating system at a time.
Virtual Machines (VMs) can only run one operating system at a time.
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Which virtualization technique is considered the first generation and involves binary translation and direct compilation, providing a higher level of isolation?
Which virtualization technique is considered the first generation and involves binary translation and direct compilation, providing a higher level of isolation?
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Study Notes
Operating Systems
- Concurrency is the ability of an operating system to handle multiple tasks or processes seemingly at the same time. This enhances the system's responsiveness and efficiency. Two types of processes exist – independent processes and cooperating processes. Independent processes do not share states, and the outcome of the execution depends only on the input, whereas cooperating processes share states, and their execution outcome depends on the relative order of their execution.
- Synchronization Mechanisms are techniques that manage the access of multiple processes to shared resources, preventing race conditions. Common mechanisms include mutexes, semaphores, spinlocks, monitors, condition variables, and read-write locks.
- Critical Section Problem occurs when multiple processes access shared resources simultaneously. This can lead to data inconsistencies. Solution criterions to handle this situation are mutual exclusion, progress, and bounded waiting. Software solutions like Peterson's algorithm and hardware solutions are two common approaches to solve the problem.
- Deadlock is a situation where a set of processes are indefinitely waiting for resources held by other processes. This leads to a standstill in the system.. Four necessary conditions are required for a deadlock: mutual exclusion, hold-and-wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Effective strategies like prevention (ordering resource requests) and avoidance techniques (like Banker's Algorithm) can help minimize the chance of deadlocks.
- Process Communication refers to the mechanisms that allow processes to share data and information within a computing system. Two main types are message passing and shared memory.
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Virtual Machines and Virtualization
- Virtual Machines (VMs) are software emulations of physical computers. They offer an isolated environment for running multiple operating systems on a single physical hardware platform.
- Virtualization allows multiple operating systems to share the same physical hardware, improving resource utilization and enabling various tasks such as testing, disaster recovery, and platform independence.
- Common virtualization techniques include full virtualization, paravirtualization, and hardware-assisted virtualization. Full virtualization is the first generation of software solutions, while paravirtualization is an improvement by partially isolating and communicating with the hypervisor.
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