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Questions and Answers

What are the three criteria that any solution to the critical section problem must satisfy?

  • Shared memory, Message passing, Mutex
  • Concurrency, Synchronization, Critical Section
  • Race condition, Deadlock, Starvation
  • Mutual exclusion, Progress, Bounded waiting (correct)

What is a race condition?

A situation that may occur inside a critical section where the output of a shared variable or memory is incorrect due to multiple thread executions accessing shared variables or memory in different orders.

Which of the following is NOT a solution criterion for the critical section problem?

  • Deadlock (correct)
  • Mutual Exclusion
  • Progress
  • Bounded Waiting

Which software-based solution for the critical section problem is known for its effectiveness in a uniprocessor environment and uses two shared variables: flag[] and turn?

<p>Peterson's Solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between a Mutex and a Semaphore.

<p>A Mutex is a binary semaphore designed for mutual exclusion, ensuring only one thread accesses a critical section at a time. A Semaphore, on the other hand, allows multiple threads access to a shared resource but with a limited number of threads (based on its count).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Producer-Consumer Problem (Bounded Buffer Problem)?

<p>This problem describes a classic synchronization scenario involving two processes: a Producer generating data and placing it in a buffer, and a Consumer consuming data from the buffer, ensuring that the buffer is not empty when a Consumer tries to consume or filled when a Producer attempts to produce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both Binary and Counting Semaphores are initialized to 1.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which semaphore type can be used to control access to a resource that has multiple instances?

<p>Counting Semaphores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the problem with Deadlock?

<p>Deadlock occurs when two or more processes are blocked indefinitely, each waiting for a resource that is held by another process, leading to a system standstill.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between Deadlock Prevention and Deadlock Avoidance techniques?

<p>Deadlock Prevention ensures safety by avoiding one or more conditions causing the deadlock, whereas Deadlock Avoidance dynamically checks resource allocation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Banker's Algorithm (Deadlock Avoidance Technique)?

<p>The Banker's Algorithm is a deadlock avoidance technique that aims to allocate resources to processes safely by ensuring the system remains in a safe state, where all processes can eventually complete without reaching a deadlock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a necessary condition for a deadlock?

<p>Resource Allocation Graph (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between Message Passing and Shared Memory as inter-process communication mechanisms?

<p>Message Passing involves processes communicating by sending and receiving messages, often through a queue, allowing for asynchronous interactions. Shared Memory allows processes to access a shared memory region, enabling direct and potentially faster data exchange but requiring careful synchronization mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virtualization technique involves directly manipulating the hardware layer by a hypervisor, offering faster performance but potentially limited portability?

<p>Hardware-Assisted virtualization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Virtual Machines (VMs) can only run one operating system at a time.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virtualization technique is considered the first generation and involves binary translation and direct compilation, providing a higher level of isolation?

<p>Full Virtualization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Concurrency

The ability of an operating system to handle multiple tasks or processes seemingly at the same time.

Independent Process

A process whose execution doesn't depend on or affect other processes.

Cooperating Process

A process that shares data and resources with another process, potentially affecting its execution.

Process Synchronization

Coordinating the execution of processes sharing resources to prevent race conditions and data inconsistencies.

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Critical Section

A section of code that accesses shared resources and needs exclusive access to prevent data inconsistencies.

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Race Condition

A situation where the outcome of multiple processes accessing shared resources depends on the unpredictable order of execution.

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Mutual Exclusion

Only one process can be in the critical section at any given time.

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Progress

If processes are waiting, a process not in its remaining section must eventually be able to enter the critical section.

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Bounded Waiting

A process wanting to enter the critical section can't be endlessly blocked by other processes.

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Peterson's Algorithm

A software solution to the critical section problem for two processes.

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Mutex

A synchronization primitive that provides mutual exclusion to shared resources.

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Semaphore

Synchronization primitive used for controlling access to a shared resource.

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Binary Semaphore

A semaphore that can only be 0 or 1, acting as a lock.

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Counting Semaphore

A semaphore that can hold any integer value, controlling access count to the resource.

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Producer-Consumer Problem

A synchronization problem where one process produces items and another consumes them.

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Virtual Machine

Software that creates a virtual environment or computer, enabling multiple operating systems to run on top of a host.

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Virtualization

Creating virtual versions of physical resources, such as hardware, operating systems, or storage.

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Study Notes

Operating Systems

  • Concurrency is the ability of an operating system to handle multiple tasks or processes seemingly at the same time. This enhances the system's responsiveness and efficiency. Two types of processes exist – independent processes and cooperating processes. Independent processes do not share states, and the outcome of the execution depends only on the input, whereas cooperating processes share states, and their execution outcome depends on the relative order of their execution.
  • Synchronization Mechanisms are techniques that manage the access of multiple processes to shared resources, preventing race conditions. Common mechanisms include mutexes, semaphores, spinlocks, monitors, condition variables, and read-write locks.
  • Critical Section Problem occurs when multiple processes access shared resources simultaneously. This can lead to data inconsistencies. Solution criterions to handle this situation are mutual exclusion, progress, and bounded waiting. Software solutions like Peterson's algorithm and hardware solutions are two common approaches to solve the problem.
  • Deadlock is a situation where a set of processes are indefinitely waiting for resources held by other processes. This leads to a standstill in the system.. Four necessary conditions are required for a deadlock: mutual exclusion, hold-and-wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Effective strategies like prevention (ordering resource requests) and avoidance techniques (like Banker's Algorithm) can help minimize the chance of deadlocks.
  • Process Communication refers to the mechanisms that allow processes to share data and information within a computing system. Two main types are message passing and shared memory.
  • Virtual Machines and Virtualization
    • Virtual Machines (VMs) are software emulations of physical computers. They offer an isolated environment for running multiple operating systems on a single physical hardware platform.
    • Virtualization allows multiple operating systems to share the same physical hardware, improving resource utilization and enabling various tasks such as testing, disaster recovery, and platform independence.
    • Common virtualization techniques include full virtualization, paravirtualization, and hardware-assisted virtualization. Full virtualization is the first generation of software solutions, while paravirtualization is an improvement by partially isolating and communicating with the hypervisor.

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