Consumers, Producers, Market (Chapter 4)
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an individual or entity that purchase and consumes goods to satisfy their needs and want

studies how much the allocation of resources affects the economics well-being

allocation of resources refers to

a buyer's willingness to pay for a good and measures how much the buyer values the good

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represents the difference between the consumers willing to pay for a good and what they actually have to pay in the market

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the benefit or surplus that consumers receive when they are able to purchase a good at a lower price than the maximum price

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formula of consumer surplus

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individuals or entities that creates goods or service to meet consumer's demand

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they are the vital part of supply

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the value that everything a seller must give up to produce a product

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the amount seller paid for a good - the seller's cost

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a concept that describe how well financial markets incorporate and reflect all available information in the prices of financial assets

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when we can say that allocation of resources is efficient?

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what is the two conditions to achieve an efficient allocation in a marketplace

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a competitive market has many buyers and sellers, with entry and exit being relatively easy, and prices are determined by forces of supply and demand

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it must be well-defined for a marketplace to function properly

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ensures that individuals can weigh their own benefits and costs, leading to a maximation of net benefits for all participants

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property rights must be exclusive because

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property rights must be transferable because

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the absence of transferability, then?

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what satisfy the efficiency condition?

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addresses how well the economy's resources are used and allocated

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deals with how society's goods and rewards are, should be, distributed among its different members, and how the associated costs should be apportioned

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refers to a situation in which allocation of goods and services in a free market is inefficient from a societal perspectives

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occurs when the market does not produce the most desirable or optimal outcome, leading to misallocation of resources

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give the 8 conditions / factors can lead to market failure

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there are limited choices for buyers and a single or small group of companies have a lot of control over prices and products

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goods or services that are nom-excludable and non-rivalrous

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people who benefit from a good or service without contributing or paying them

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government often provides public goods because private sectors underproduce due to free riders problems

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the positive or negative impact that an economic activity has on third parties who are not directly involved in the transaction

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leads to market inefficiency because the true cost to society is higher than what consumers and producers consider

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intervention of government to correct external costs through regulations or taxes, aligning private incentives with social welfare

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resources like fisheries or forests that are collectively owned and used, often suffering from overuse and depletion without proper management

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