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Describe the association between social structure and crime.

Social structure theory states that crime is caused because of the socioeconomic disadvantages lower class people face.

What are the elements of social disorganization theory? (Select all that apply)

  • High unemployment rate (correct)
  • Deteriorated housing (correct)
  • School dropout rates (correct)
  • Low income levels (correct)
  • Single-parent households (correct)

    • What are Shaw and McKay's views?

    They came up with the Concentric Zones Theory, discovering that crime occurs due to transitional neighborhoods.

    What are the elements of ecological theory? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Poverty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the association between collective efficacy and crime?

    <p>Communities that have collective efficacy use local institutions to control crime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Collective Efficacy?

    <p>A cohesive community has mutual trust and a willingness to intervene in the supervision of children and maintain public order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the concept of strain?

    <p>Strain occurs when the lower class feels anger, frustration, and resentment due to inability to achieve wealth and material comforts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Merton mean by the term anomie?

    <p>People adopt societal goals but lack the means to achieve them, leading them to look for alternatives, including crime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of negative affective states?

    <p>Negative affective states are produced by strains like failure to achieve success, application of negative stimuli, or removal of positive stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the association between social structure and crime.

    <p>Social structure theory states that crime is caused because of the socioeconomic disadvantages lower class people face.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the elements of social disorganization theory? (Select all that apply)

    <p>High unemployment rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Shaw and McKay's views?

    <p>They introduced the Concentric Zones Theory, discovering that crime occurs in transitional neighborhoods due to social disorganization and value conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the elements of ecological theory? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Alienation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the association between collective efficacy and crime?

    <p>Communities with collective efficacy use local institutions to control crime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Collective Efficacy?

    <p>A cohesive community with mutual trust and a willingness to intervene in supervision of children to maintain public order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the concept of strain?

    <p>It refers to anger, frustration, and resentment lower-class individuals feel because they cannot achieve wealth and other life comforts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Merton mean by the term anomie?

    <p>Individuals adopt societal goals but lack the means to achieve them, often resulting in crime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of negative affective states?

    <p>They are produced by different types of strains, including failure to achieve success and removal of positive stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the elements of cultural deviance theory?

    <p>Involves cultural influences on crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To criminologists, it comes as no surprise that gangs develop in poor, deteriorated neighborhoods.

    <p>Urban neighborhoods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to social structure theory, the key to understanding the root cause of crime can be found in the nation's ______ makeup.

    <p>socioeconomic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 1966, sociologist Oscar Lewis argued that the crushing lifestyle of lower-class areas produces a ______ that is passed from one generation to the next.

    <p>Culture of Poverty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 1970, Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal described a worldwide ______ that was cut off from society, its members lacking the education and skills needed to function successfully.

    <p>underclass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Economic disadvantage and poverty can be especially devastating to whom?

    <p>Younger children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Subcultural values are handed down from one generation to the next in a process called?

    <p>Cultural Transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is social structure theory?

    <p>It posits that social forces make criminals commit crime due to environmental disorganization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Social Positivism?

    <p>The idea that crime is necessary and normal; there is no society without crime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some positives of crime?

    <p>More jobs, social change, deterrence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Chicago School study?

    <p>A sociological study of Chicago neighborhoods examining the social ecology of the city.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 types of social structure theories? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Strain theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 2 types of social disorganization theories? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Shaw and McKay's Concentric Zones Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 types of strain theories? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Institutional Anomie Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 types of Cultural Deviance Theories? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Theory of Opportunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Social Structure Theory?

    <p>It suggests that crime is a lower-class phenomenon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Association Between Social Structure and Crime

    • Social structure theory posits that socioeconomic disadvantages faced by lower-class individuals are significant contributors to criminal behavior.

    Elements of Social Disorganization Theory

    • High unemployment rates correlating with increased crime likelihood.
    • Elevated school dropout rates contribute to community instability.
    • Deteriorated housing conditions lead to social disorganization.
    • Low income levels exacerbate crime risks in communities.
    • Prevalence of single-parent households affects social cohesion.

    Shaw and McKay's Views

    • Developed the Concentric Zones Theory highlighting the role of transitional neighborhoods in crime prevalence.
    • Identified that social disorganization and value conflict arise when residents are transient and lack community ties.

    Elements of Ecological Theory

    • Disorder within a community fosters criminal activities.
    • Poverty plays a critical role in the crime environment.
    • Alienation and disassociation undermine social bonds.
    • Fear of crime limits community engagement and trust.

    Collective Efficacy and Crime

    • Communities with high collective efficacy leverage local institutions to effectively control crime.

    Definition of Collective Efficacy

    • Refers to cohesive communities exhibiting mutual trust and a shared commitment to intervene in social issues and youth supervision.

    Concept of Strain

    • Strain theory explains feelings of anger, frustration, and resentment among the lower class due to barriers in achieving societal wealth and status.

    Merton's Concept of Anomie

    • Anomie describes the disconnect between societal goals and the means available to achieve them, leading some individuals to resort to crime as an alternative.

    Negative Affective States

    • These states stem from various strains, including failure to achieve success or the loss of positive stimuli.

    Elements of Cultural Deviance Theory

    • Integrates aspects of both strain theory and social disorganization theory to explain deviant behavior in certain cultures.

    Gangs and Poor Urban Neighborhoods

    • Gangs typically emerge in environments characterized by poverty and urban decay.

    Root Causes of Crime According to Social Structure Theory

    • The fundamental issues leading to crime are embedded in a nation's socioeconomic composition.

    Culture of Poverty

    • Oscar Lewis theorized that the harsh conditions of lower-class life create a cyclical culture of poverty that persists across generations.

    Underclass Concept

    • Gunnar Myrdal described a worldwide underclass disconnected from mainstream society, lacking necessary education and skills.

    Impact of Economic Disadvantage

    • Economic hardship is particularly damaging to younger children, affecting their development and opportunities.

    Cultural Transmission

    • Subcultural values are passed through generations, influencing behavior and attitudes in communities.

    Definition of Social Structure Theory

    • Emphasizes the influence of social forces on criminal behavior, positing that disorganized environments lead to increased crime rates.

    Social Positivism

    • Identifies crime as a natural aspect of society, asserting its existence across both impoverished and affluent communities.

    Positives of Crime

    • Crime can lead to job creation, social change, and act as a deterrent by highlighting the need for effective punishments.

    Chicago School Study

    • Researchers analyzed Chicago neighborhoods to understand how social and ecological factors dictate community behaviors and crime rates.

    Types of Social Structure Theories

    • Three main theories include social disorganization theory, strain theory, and cultural deviance theory.

    Social Disorganization Theories

    • Two primary frameworks are Shaw and McKay's Concentric Zones Theory and Social Ecology theory.

    Types of Strain Theories

    • Includes Anomie Theory, Institutional Anomie Theory, and General Strain Theory.

    Types of Cultural Deviance Theories

    • Consists of Miller's Focal Concern Theory, Theory of Delinquent Gangs, and Theory of Opportunity.

    Overview of Social Structure Theory

    • It characterizes crime as primarily a phenomenon associated with the lower class.

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