Untitled Quiz

Motivation and Instinct

• Motivation drives organisms toward goal-oriented actions, rooted in psychological features.
• Instinct refers to complex, unlearned behaviors that are consistent across a species.

Theories of Drive and Needs

• Drive-reduction theory proposes that physiological needs create an aroused state (drive), prompting actions to meet those needs.
• Maslow's hierarchy of needs illustrates a pyramid of human requirements, prioritizing physiological needs before higher-level needs.

Biological Factors in Motivation

• Glucose is a key energy source for the body; low levels trigger hunger.
• Set point theory suggests bodies have a weight thermostat that regulates hunger and metabolism based on individual weight.

Eating Disorders

• Anorexia Nervosa involves an obsessive fear of gaining weight, despite being underweight.
• Bulimia Nervosa manifests as cycles of binge-eating high-calorie foods followed by purging behaviors.
• Binge-eating disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large quantities of food.

Sexual Function and Hormones

• The sexual response cycle includes stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution, as defined by Masters and Johnson.
• Estrogens support female reproductive health and secondary sex characteristics, while Testosterone influences male sex organ development and traits during puberty.

Emotional Responses and Theories

• Emotion comprises physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience.
• The James-Lange theory posits that emotions arise from awareness of physiological responses.
• Cannon-Bard theory holds that physiological responses and subjective emotional experiences occur simultaneously.
• Two-factor theory states that physical arousal and cognitive labeling are essential for experiencing emotions.

Psychology of Emotion

• Polygraphs measure physiological changes to detect emotional responses, often used in lie detection.
• Facial feedback theory suggests facial expressions provide feedback that intensifies emotions.
• Catharsis refers to releasing emotional tension while "feel good, do good" highlights the link between mood and helpfulness.

Well-being and Health Psychology

• Well-being encompasses striving for optimal health and positive life experiences.
• The adaptive-level phenomenon involves making judgments influenced by prior experiences, while relative deprivation is the perception of being worse off compared to others.

Stress and Health Implications

• Stress represents emotional or mental strain.
• General Adaptation Syndrome, proposed by Hans Seyle, describes the body's response to stress through alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
• Coronary heart disease, a leading cause of death, results from the clogging of vessels nourishing the heart.

Personality Types and Health

• Type A personality is characterized by competitiveness and impatience; Type B describes relaxed, easygoing individuals.
• Psycho-physiological illnesses arise from stress affecting physical health, including hypertension.

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

• PNI studies the interconnected effects of psychological, neural, and endocrine processes on the immune system.
• Lymphocytes are white blood cells essential to the body's immune defense mechanisms.

Influential Figures in Psychology

• Roy Baumeister explored concepts of self, aggression, and negativity bias, coining "ego depletion."
• Walter Cannon introduced theories on hunger response and physiological needs.
• Charles Darwin formulated the theory of evolution through natural selection, influencing psychology significantly.
• Abraham Maslow's work focused on human motivation through his hierarchy of needs.
• William Masters and Virginia Johnson pioneered research on sexual response and dysfunction.
• Ed Diener's research centered on happiness as a variable and measurable trait.
• Paul Ekman established that facial expressions of emotions are universally recognized.

Theories on Emotion and Motivation

• William James and Stanley Schachter contributed to understanding emotional triggers, emphasizing arousal and cognitive labeling.
• Hans Seyle's work on stress responses and motivation has been foundational in psychology.
• Robert Zajonc proposed that our explanations for feelings are often constructed rather than a product of deliberate thought.