Podcast
Questions and Answers
Why did the !Kung likely initially tolerate the Tswana and Herero settlements?
Why did the !Kung likely initially tolerate the Tswana and Herero settlements?
- They feared the newcomers' superior weapons.
- They hoped to convert them to !Kung religious beliefs.
- Accommodation was easier than fighting. (correct)
- They were forced to by a stronger neighboring tribe.
What aspect of the Tswana and Herero life might have seemed appealing to the !Kung?
What aspect of the Tswana and Herero life might have seemed appealing to the !Kung?
- Their use of complex technological advancements.
- Their permanent food resources and settled villages. (correct)
- Their isolation from other communities and cultures.
- Their nomadic lifestyle and hunting skills.
What benefit did the !Kung potentially gain from the stable villages of the Tswana and Herero?
What benefit did the !Kung potentially gain from the stable villages of the Tswana and Herero?
- Insurance against food scarcity. (correct)
- Access to advanced medical care.
- Guaranteed protection from rival tribes.
- Opportunities for political leadership.
What was a negative consequence for the !Kung resulting from the Tswana and Herero settlements?
What was a negative consequence for the !Kung resulting from the Tswana and Herero settlements?
What environmental impact resulted from the Tswana and Herero herds of cattle and goats?
What environmental impact resulted from the Tswana and Herero herds of cattle and goats?
What was a long-term effect on the !Kung way of life as Tswana and Herero villages expanded?
What was a long-term effect on the !Kung way of life as Tswana and Herero villages expanded?
What did many !Kung become dependent on as their traditional way of life became more difficult?
What did many !Kung become dependent on as their traditional way of life became more difficult?
What type of labor did some !Kung perform in and around the settled villages?
What type of labor did some !Kung perform in and around the settled villages?
What do !Kung women in sedentary villages still occasionally do?
What do !Kung women in sedentary villages still occasionally do?
What has replaced men and women in carrying mongongo nuts?
What has replaced men and women in carrying mongongo nuts?
Who are Kung men being employed by to hunt?
Who are Kung men being employed by to hunt?
Which ceremonial activity is flourishing in the sedentary villages?
Which ceremonial activity is flourishing in the sedentary villages?
What faith has helped maintain the prestige of Kung medicine?
What faith has helped maintain the prestige of Kung medicine?
Who asked Nisa to be his second wife?
Who asked Nisa to be his second wife?
Why did Nisa refuse to be a co-wife?
Why did Nisa refuse to be a co-wife?
What did Nisa say she would do after her husband died?
What did Nisa say she would do after her husband died?
Where was Nisa living when Besa first came to her?
Where was Nisa living when Besa first came to her?
According to Nisa's mother, what is a common problem in marriages with co-wives?
According to Nisa's mother, what is a common problem in marriages with co-wives?
What modern skill are !Kung children learning in school?
What modern skill are !Kung children learning in school?
What food is still an important part of the !Kung diet?
What food is still an important part of the !Kung diet?
What is creating an exciting atmosphere for the all-night dances?
What is creating an exciting atmosphere for the all-night dances?
What did Nisa collect enough of for herself?
What did Nisa collect enough of for herself?
Whom did Nisa want to marry?
Whom did Nisa want to marry?
Who initially refuses to get up when Besa is present?
Who initially refuses to get up when Besa is present?
What does Besa threaten to use against Kashe?
What does Besa threaten to use against Kashe?
Who screams, 'Don't use the knife...don't use the knife...'?
Who screams, 'Don't use the knife...don't use the knife...'?
Who hits Kashe with a walking stick?
Who hits Kashe with a walking stick?
Who is described as someone with truly fierce anger?
Who is described as someone with truly fierce anger?
Who takes Nisa to his village after Besa refuses to get the donkeys?
Who takes Nisa to his village after Besa refuses to get the donkeys?
Who is away when Kantla takes Nisa to his village?
Who is away when Kantla takes Nisa to his village?
Who is Kantla's younger brother?
Who is Kantla's younger brother?
Where are Dem and Nisa washing when Kantla arrives?
Where are Dem and Nisa washing when Kantla arrives?
What does Nisa's mother say is in danger of breaking when Kantla and Dem argue?
What does Nisa's mother say is in danger of breaking when Kantla and Dem argue?
What does Nisa's mother say that Nisa is carrying?
What does Nisa's mother say that Nisa is carrying?
What do !Kung men primarily provide to women as part of their basic gathering kit?
What do !Kung men primarily provide to women as part of their basic gathering kit?
What reason does Dem give for also being with Nisa?
What reason does Dem give for also being with Nisa?
Which activity are !Kung women prohibited from doing, especially during menstruation?
Which activity are !Kung women prohibited from doing, especially during menstruation?
What is the most common role of women in the !Kung traditional medicine dance?
What is the most common role of women in the !Kung traditional medicine dance?
What does Kantla accuse Dem of doing?
What does Kantla accuse Dem of doing?
How are decisions typically made in !Kung society?
How are decisions typically made in !Kung society?
Who does Nisa leave behind when she goes to her mother's village with Kantla?
Who does Nisa leave behind when she goes to her mother's village with Kantla?
What activities do Kung men engage in more prominently as contact with other cultures increases?
What activities do Kung men engage in more prominently as contact with other cultures increases?
What animal were Besa and Kantla riding when they came back from working in another Village?
What animal were Besa and Kantla riding when they came back from working in another Village?
What is discouraged in !Kung culture that often encourages male dominance in other societies?
What is discouraged in !Kung culture that often encourages male dominance in other societies?
What is one of the significant contributions that !Kung women make to hunting activities?
What is one of the significant contributions that !Kung women make to hunting activities?
Approximately what percentage of gathered foods can be attributed to men's efforts?
Approximately what percentage of gathered foods can be attributed to men's efforts?
What is a key characteristic of the division of labor by sex in !Kung society?
What is a key characteristic of the division of labor by sex in !Kung society?
Which of the following items are women prohibited from handling?
Which of the following items are women prohibited from handling?
What happens to wealth differentials in !Kung society?
What happens to wealth differentials in !Kung society?
What is the primary way !Kung healers tap into their healing power?
What is the primary way !Kung healers tap into their healing power?
What do !Kung men provide to women for making carrying devices?
What do !Kung men provide to women for making carrying devices?
What is the usual requirement for Kung men when women find honey?
What is the usual requirement for Kung men when women find honey?
What personal attributes increase the weight of an individual's opinions in group decision-making?
What personal attributes increase the weight of an individual's opinions in group decision-making?
What caused Nisa and her family to cry upon meeting her brother?
What caused Nisa and her family to cry upon meeting her brother?
Who carried Nisa's son after they cried?
Who carried Nisa's son after they cried?
What physical ailment did Nisa start to experience after her mother's death?
What physical ailment did Nisa start to experience after her mother's death?
What symptom indicated Nisa was seriously ill?
What symptom indicated Nisa was seriously ill?
Why did Nisa initially allow Besa into her hut?
Why did Nisa initially allow Besa into her hut?
Who healed Nisa when she became seriously ill?
Who healed Nisa when she became seriously ill?
What reason did the Tswana headman give to Besa for needing to take good care of Nisa?
What reason did the Tswana headman give to Besa for needing to take good care of Nisa?
What was Besa's initial reason for wanting to leave Nisa?
What was Besa's initial reason for wanting to leave Nisa?
What did Besa steal from Nisa?
What did Besa steal from Nisa?
What did Kau call Besa when he was older?
What did Kau call Besa when he was older?
Who helped Nisa get her stolen money back from Besa?
Who helped Nisa get her stolen money back from Besa?
Why did Nai call Besa 'Uncle' instead of 'Father'?
Why did Nai call Besa 'Uncle' instead of 'Father'?
What did the European woman do when she went to the Tswana hut?
What did the European woman do when she went to the Tswana hut?
What did Besa and Nisa argue about frequently?
What did Besa and Nisa argue about frequently?
What was Nisa's occupation while living with Besa?
What was Nisa's occupation while living with Besa?
What comparison did Nisa use to describe Besa's constant desire for sex?
What comparison did Nisa use to describe Besa's constant desire for sex?
Who was supposed to take Nisa back to her family's village after Besa left?
Who was supposed to take Nisa back to her family's village after Besa left?
What did Nisa suggest Besa do to satisfy his sexual desires?
What did Nisa suggest Besa do to satisfy his sexual desires?
Why was Nisa upset that Besa was leaving her in a 'foreign place'?
Why was Nisa upset that Besa was leaving her in a 'foreign place'?
What did Besa accuse Nisa of when she refused his advances?
What did Besa accuse Nisa of when she refused his advances?
Who initially reported Nisa and Nanau's actions to the headman?
Who initially reported Nisa and Nanau's actions to the headman?
What did Nisa eventually realize about Besa's ways?
What did Nisa eventually realize about Besa's ways?
What was the proposed punishment for Nisa and Nanau?
What was the proposed punishment for Nisa and Nanau?
What did Nisa help the European woman with after she gave birth?
What did Nisa help the European woman with after she gave birth?
How did Nisa avoid being beaten?
How did Nisa avoid being beaten?
Where did Nisa put the money after the European woman retrieved it from Besa?
Where did Nisa put the money after the European woman retrieved it from Besa?
Who told Besa that Nisa and Nanau were lovers?
Who told Besa that Nisa and Nanau were lovers?
Where did Besa find Nisa and Nanau together?
Where did Besa find Nisa and Nanau together?
What did Besa say he was going to do the day before he left?
What did Besa say he was going to do the day before he left?
Who was actually beaten as a result of Besa's accusation?
Who was actually beaten as a result of Besa's accusation?
What was Besa doing when he found Nisa and Nanau?
What was Besa doing when he found Nisa and Nanau?
What did Besa do to Nisa after suspecting her of infidelity while she was visiting her mother?
What did Besa do to Nisa after suspecting her of infidelity while she was visiting her mother?
According to Besa, why was he beating Nisa?
According to Besa, why was he beating Nisa?
What alerted Nisa and Nanau to Besa's presence?
What alerted Nisa and Nanau to Besa's presence?
Who stopped Besa from continuing to beat Nisa?
Who stopped Besa from continuing to beat Nisa?
What did Nisa admit to Besa when he found her with Nanau?
What did Nisa admit to Besa when he found her with Nanau?
What was Nisa's attitude when Besa found her with Nanau?
What was Nisa's attitude when Besa found her with Nanau?
Before 1948, how were conflicts among the !Kung, Tswana, and Herero groups handled?
Before 1948, how were conflicts among the !Kung, Tswana, and Herero groups handled?
After being beaten, where did Nisa move?
After being beaten, where did Nisa move?
What did Nisa refuse to accept from Besa after she moved out?
What did Nisa refuse to accept from Besa after she moved out?
What was one of the main reasons the !Kung were enticed away from the cattle posts?
What was one of the main reasons the !Kung were enticed away from the cattle posts?
What significant change occurred in the Dobe area in 1948?
What significant change occurred in the Dobe area in 1948?
Who was Tsaa?
Who was Tsaa?
What did Isak Utugile do as the regional headman?
What did Isak Utugile do as the regional headman?
Why did Nisa and Tsaa separate?
Why did Nisa and Tsaa separate?
For the !Kung people, what is the distinction between domestic and public life?
For the !Kung people, what is the distinction between domestic and public life?
What is the unquestionable trend regarding the !Kung lifestyle?
What is the unquestionable trend regarding the !Kung lifestyle?
What is a characteristic of !Kung women's status?
What is a characteristic of !Kung women's status?
What was Nisa's reaction to Tsaa's infidelity?
What was Nisa's reaction to Tsaa's infidelity?
What quality is a characteristic of !Kung women?
What quality is a characteristic of !Kung women?
What is one of the new ways the !Kung are earning money?
What is one of the new ways the !Kung are earning money?
What did Nisa refuse to do for Tsaa after their separation?
What did Nisa refuse to do for Tsaa after their separation?
What material are the walls of new Kung huts often made of?
What material are the walls of new Kung huts often made of?
What was Nisa's reaction when the other woman's husband returned?
What was Nisa's reaction when the other woman's husband returned?
Where did Besa take Nisa to live?
Where did Besa take Nisa to live?
Who was Dau in relation to Nisa?
Who was Dau in relation to Nisa?
What is one of the new tasks that adults in settled villages are now busy with?
What is one of the new tasks that adults in settled villages are now busy with?
What did Dau try to do for Nisa's father?
What did Dau try to do for Nisa's father?
What is a possible reason for shorter birth spacing among women in sedentary villages?
What is a possible reason for shorter birth spacing among women in sedentary villages?
Who were once looked up to as the repositories of traditional culture?
Who were once looked up to as the repositories of traditional culture?
Who is Besa married to in the excerpt?
Who is Besa married to in the excerpt?
Why was Nisa unable to be with her father when he died?
Why was Nisa unable to be with her father when he died?
What does Besa accuse the narrator of being, due to her actions?
What does Besa accuse the narrator of being, due to her actions?
Who controls the land in a world where land is no longer owned traditionally?
Who controls the land in a world where land is no longer owned traditionally?
How did Nisa react upon hearing about her father's death?
How did Nisa react upon hearing about her father's death?
Who was the first to greet Nisa upon her arrival at her father's village?
Who was the first to greet Nisa upon her arrival at her father's village?
What makes excursions for older people more efficient and shorter in duration?
What makes excursions for older people more efficient and shorter in duration?
What reason does the narrator give for not wanting Besa's heart to be hers, nor hers to be his?
What reason does the narrator give for not wanting Besa's heart to be hers, nor hers to be his?
What weapon does Besa use to threaten the narrator?
What weapon does Besa use to threaten the narrator?
What are the !Kung doing to secure rights to their traditional lands?
What are the !Kung doing to secure rights to their traditional lands?
After her father's death what did Nisa and Besa do?
After her father's death what did Nisa and Besa do?
Who is providing guidance to the !Kung in digging wells?
Who is providing guidance to the !Kung in digging wells?
Who sent word to Nisa that her mother was dying?
Who sent word to Nisa that her mother was dying?
Where does the narrator say she is going after the fight with Besa?
Where does the narrator say she is going after the fight with Besa?
What did Nisa offer her mother when a group of people were going to the bush?
What did Nisa offer her mother when a group of people were going to the bush?
What are agricultural and veterinary specialists advising the !Kung on?
What are agricultural and veterinary specialists advising the !Kung on?
What is a key characteristic of !Kung women's economic activity?
What is a key characteristic of !Kung women's economic activity?
According to the passage, what is a typical characteristic of women's status in most societies?
According to the passage, what is a typical characteristic of women's status in most societies?
Who was with Nisa when her mother passed away?
Who was with Nisa when her mother passed away?
Who recognized that societies tend to value male activities as more important?
Who recognized that societies tend to value male activities as more important?
Why do !Kung women often prefer to gather in groups?
Why do !Kung women often prefer to gather in groups?
What makes the Kung society somewhat unusual compared to many other societies?
What makes the Kung society somewhat unusual compared to many other societies?
What did Nisa's mother predict before she died?
What did Nisa's mother predict before she died?
What is mentioned as a potential risk factor when !Kung women travel alone?
What is mentioned as a potential risk factor when !Kung women travel alone?
How do !Kung women typically protect themselves from large animals and snakes while gathering?
How do !Kung women typically protect themselves from large animals and snakes while gathering?
What did Nisa do after burying her mother?
What did Nisa do after burying her mother?
Who tends to hold positions of influence in !Kung society according to the text?
Who tends to hold positions of influence in !Kung society according to the text?
What is a typical characteristic of !Kung women's gathering trips?
What is a typical characteristic of !Kung women's gathering trips?
What type of contemporary societies have a similar high level of equality between the sexes as the !Kung?
What type of contemporary societies have a similar high level of equality between the sexes as the !Kung?
What roles do Kung women assume that provide them great practical importance?
What roles do Kung women assume that provide them great practical importance?
What is a major reason why !Kung women do not go on overnight gathering trips as often as men go on hunting trips?
What is a major reason why !Kung women do not go on overnight gathering trips as often as men go on hunting trips?
What is one of the satisfying aspects of gathering for !Kung women?
What is one of the satisfying aspects of gathering for !Kung women?
What does Besa's father say when Besa threatens to kill the narrator?
What does Besa's father say when Besa threatens to kill the narrator?
What does the narrator suggest is the reason for Besa's anger and desire to kill her?
What does the narrator suggest is the reason for Besa's anger and desire to kill her?
How do !Kung women share their gathered food with each other?
How do !Kung women share their gathered food with each other?
What skill is essential for !Kung women in their gathering activities?
What skill is essential for !Kung women in their gathering activities?
What had Besa and Twah been to each other for years?
What had Besa and Twah been to each other for years?
What assurance do !Kung gatherers have that !Kung hunters do not?
What assurance do !Kung gatherers have that !Kung hunters do not?
What does Besa want the narrator to do after he almost kills her?
What does Besa want the narrator to do after he almost kills her?
What do !Kung women do with their gathered food when they return to the village?
What do !Kung women do with their gathered food when they return to the village?
What is the 'haro' network in !Kung society?
What is the 'haro' network in !Kung society?
How is membership in a band and ownership of resources inherited in !Kung society?
How is membership in a band and ownership of resources inherited in !Kung society?
Which food occupies a more valuable position according to !Kung culture?
Which food occupies a more valuable position according to !Kung culture?
When do the !Kung people celebrate as mentioned in this content?
When do the !Kung people celebrate as mentioned in this content?
Why did Nisa initially refuse to marry Besa after her husband Tashay died?
Why did Nisa initially refuse to marry Besa after her husband Tashay died?
What reason did Nisa give for not wanting to marry Besa?
What reason did Nisa give for not wanting to marry Besa?
What did Kantla do to demonstrate his anger towards Tsaa?
What did Kantla do to demonstrate his anger towards Tsaa?
Why did Nisa's father disapprove of her relationship with Besa?
Why did Nisa's father disapprove of her relationship with Besa?
What was Nisa's response when her father confronted Besa with a spear?
What was Nisa's response when her father confronted Besa with a spear?
How did Besa respond to Nisa's father's threat?
How did Besa respond to Nisa's father's threat?
What did the headman say about Nisa's decision not to marry?
What did the headman say about Nisa's decision not to marry?
What does the phrase 'My heart was huge toward him and only small toward Besa' mean?
What does the phrase 'My heart was huge toward him and only small toward Besa' mean?
What accusation did Besa make, that led him beat Nisa?
What accusation did Besa make, that led him beat Nisa?
What did Nisa say that she would do to bring up her children without Besa's help?
What did Nisa say that she would do to bring up her children without Besa's help?
After Tashay's death, why did the in-laws harass Kantla?
After Tashay's death, why did the in-laws harass Kantla?
What did Kantla say after Besa confronted Nisa?
What did Kantla say after Besa confronted Nisa?
What did Nisa say to the two men who wanted to marry her?
What did Nisa say to the two men who wanted to marry her?
What does Nisa do while Kantla and Tsaa argued?
What does Nisa do while Kantla and Tsaa argued?
What percentage of child care is typically provided by Kung mothers?
What percentage of child care is typically provided by Kung mothers?
What is the general attitude of the !Kung toward the sex of a child before birth?
What is the general attitude of the !Kung toward the sex of a child before birth?
How do !Kung parents typically handle misbehavior in children?
How do !Kung parents typically handle misbehavior in children?
What protects !Kung women from being battered by their husbands?
What protects !Kung women from being battered by their husbands?
What is Choma?
What is Choma?
How long does the Choma ritual typically last?
How long does the Choma ritual typically last?
Who is primarily responsible for deciding whom their children will marry among the !Kung?
Who is primarily responsible for deciding whom their children will marry among the !Kung?
What is the economic role of Kung women?
What is the economic role of Kung women?
What is a common characteristic of early marriages arranged for daughters in !Kung society?
What is a common characteristic of early marriages arranged for daughters in !Kung society?
What happens after marriage in !Kung society regarding where the couple lives?
What happens after marriage in !Kung society regarding where the couple lives?
During which event are !Kung boys deliberately isolated from women?
During which event are !Kung boys deliberately isolated from women?
What is one way the communal nature of village space affects !Kung women and children?
What is one way the communal nature of village space affects !Kung women and children?
What role do older children play while their mothers go gathering?
What role do older children play while their mothers go gathering?
What does the content suggest about the level of involvement Kung fathers have with their young children, compared to fathers in other societies?
What does the content suggest about the level of involvement Kung fathers have with their young children, compared to fathers in other societies?
How do Kung marriages commonly start for daughters?
How do Kung marriages commonly start for daughters?
Flashcards
!Kung Tolerance of Settlements
!Kung Tolerance of Settlements
Early Tswana and Herero settlements were likely tolerated due to being easier than fighting, and the settled lifestyle was appealing.
Attraction of Fixed Villages
Attraction of Fixed Villages
Fixed villages offered permanent food resources, contrasting with the !Kung's nomadic lifestyle.
Labor Exchange
Labor Exchange
The !Kung could exchange labor for milk and grain from the Tswana and Herero, especially during scarcity.
Spring Contamination
Spring Contamination
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Disease Transmission
Disease Transmission
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Impact of Herds
Impact of Herds
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Waterhole Encroachment
Waterhole Encroachment
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Increased Dependency
Increased Dependency
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Consensual non-monogamy
Consensual non-monogamy
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Polygyny
Polygyny
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Social Norms in Marriage
Social Norms in Marriage
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Community power dynamics
Community power dynamics
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Agency
Agency
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Bridewealth
Bridewealth
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Negotiated marriage agreements
Negotiated marriage agreements
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Marriage
Marriage
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Extramarital affairs
Extramarital affairs
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Family responsibilities
Family responsibilities
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Interpersonal affection
Interpersonal affection
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Physical altercations
Physical altercations
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Headman
Headman
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Relatives
Relatives
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Pestering
Pestering
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!Kung social changes
!Kung social changes
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Conflict resolution (pre-1948)
Conflict resolution (pre-1948)
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Isak Utugile's role
Isak Utugile's role
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Settled village trend
Settled village trend
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Sedentary village tasks
Sedentary village tasks
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Birth spacing changes
Birth spacing changes
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Women's changing role
Women's changing role
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Elders' changing role
Elders' changing role
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External support
External support
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Forms of assistance
Forms of assistance
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!Kung adaptation strategy
!Kung adaptation strategy
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Impact on the elderly
Impact on the elderly
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!Kung response to change
!Kung response to change
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!Kung's hut style changes
!Kung's hut style changes
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!Kung's new diet
!Kung's new diet
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!Kung Society
!Kung Society
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Hunter-Gatherer Gender Equality
Hunter-Gatherer Gender Equality
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Recent Aberration Hypothesis
Recent Aberration Hypothesis
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!Kung Women's Roles
!Kung Women's Roles
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!Kung Men's Influence
!Kung Men's Influence
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Women's Self-Assessment of Status
Women's Self-Assessment of Status
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!Kung Women's Child Influence
!Kung Women's Child Influence
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Power Imbalance
Power Imbalance
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Traditional Female Roles
Traditional Female Roles
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Cultural Tradition
Cultural Tradition
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Gathering Economy
Gathering Economy
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Economic System
Economic System
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Anthropology
Anthropology
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Social Status
Social Status
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Gender Norms
Gender Norms
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Kung Cultural Resilience
Kung Cultural Resilience
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Bush Food Gathering
Bush Food Gathering
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Kung Hunting Expertise
Kung Hunting Expertise
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Ceremonial Dance Revival
Ceremonial Dance Revival
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Cross-Cultural Healing
Cross-Cultural Healing
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Refusal of Co-Wife Status
Refusal of Co-Wife Status
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Fears of Marital Conflict
Fears of Marital Conflict
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Desire for Exclusive Marriage
Desire for Exclusive Marriage
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Emphasis on Self-Reliance
Emphasis on Self-Reliance
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Food Distribution Issues
Food Distribution Issues
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Widow's Independence
Widow's Independence
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Child Welfare Concerns
Child Welfare Concerns
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Tswana
Tswana
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Nisa
Nisa
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What were the beatings for?
What were the beatings for?
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Nisa's bold request
Nisa's bold request
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Besa's preparation
Besa's preparation
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Reason for Besa's anger
Reason for Besa's anger
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Nisa's defiance
Nisa's defiance
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Nisa's Stubbornness
Nisa's Stubbornness
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The final straw with Tsaa
The final straw with Tsaa
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Nisa's Reaction
Nisa's Reaction
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Why did Nisa pout?
Why did Nisa pout?
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What did Nisa refuse to do?
What did Nisa refuse to do?
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Why did Tsaa return to Nisa?
Why did Tsaa return to Nisa?
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Nisa's Rejection
Nisa's Rejection
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Nisa's New Lover?
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Who catches Nisa this time?
Who catches Nisa this time?
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What did Nisa whispered?
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Besa's Persistance
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Nisa's Motivation
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Nisa's Growing Love
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Kau vs. Nai
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Frequent Arguments
Frequent Arguments
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Nisa Likens Besa
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Nisa's Suggestion
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Genitals as Part of Body
Genitals as Part of Body
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Contemplated Leaving
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Both Having Lovers
Both Having Lovers
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Nisa's Lovers
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Tsaa's Revelation
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Discovery of Affair
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The Confrontation
The Confrontation
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Nisa's Admission
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Besa Catches Kashe
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Father's Intervention
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Cycle of Separation
Cycle of Separation
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Besa's Fear of Kantla
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Kantla's Dominance
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Temporary Separation
Temporary Separation
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Affair with Dem
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Brothers' Fight
Brothers' Fight
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Physical danger
Physical danger
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Mother's Intervention
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Kantla's Accusation
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Dem's Defense
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Dismissal of Equality
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Relationship as Theft
Relationship as Theft
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Emotional Leverage
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!Kung Birth Control
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!Kung Childcare
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!Kung Fatherhood
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!Kung Discipline
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!Kung Privacy
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!Kung Sleeping Arrangements
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!Kung Choma
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!Kung Taboos
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!Kung Marriage Ties
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!Kung Arranged Marriages
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!Kung Women Providers
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Sex of Child
Sex of Child
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Visibility of Marital Conflict
Visibility of Marital Conflict
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Infertility
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Mourning
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Trancing
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Healing (verb)
Healing (verb)
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Agreed
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Rand
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Hut
Hut
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No longer getting along
No longer getting along
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Tell on
Tell on
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Sore
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End it completely
End it completely
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Near stranger
Near stranger
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Left
Left
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Love
Love
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Stole
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Heart had changed
Heart had changed
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Women's Autonomy
Women's Autonomy
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Limited Male Restraint
Limited Male Restraint
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Group Gathering
Group Gathering
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Daily Gathering Trips
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Extended Hunting Trips
Extended Hunting Trips
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Reliability of Gathering
Reliability of Gathering
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Flexible Gathering Schedule
Flexible Gathering Schedule
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Sharing Gathered Food
Sharing Gathered Food
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Control Over Gathered Resources
Control Over Gathered Resources
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Equal Participation in Haro
Equal Participation in Haro
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Inheritance Through Women
Inheritance Through Women
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Cultural Value of Meat
Cultural Value of Meat
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Celebration of Meat
Celebration of Meat
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Gathering Skills
Gathering Skills
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Male Bias
Male Bias
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Honey in !Kung Society
Honey in !Kung Society
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Men's Provision to Women
Men's Provision to Women
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Women's Prohibition
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!Kung Women's Gathering
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Women's Contribution to Hunting
Women's Contribution to Hunting
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Female Hunter
Female Hunter
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Men's Gathering
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Traditional Medicine Dance
Traditional Medicine Dance
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Male Dominance in Healing
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Leadership and Decision-Making
Leadership and Decision-Making
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Influential Individuals
Influential Individuals
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Men as Spokespeople
Men as Spokespeople
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!Kung Egalitarianism
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Minimizing Wealth Differentials
Minimizing Wealth Differentials
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Division of Labor
Division of Labor
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!Kung Social Intimacy
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!Kung Women's Status
!Kung Women's Status
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Dau's Role
Dau's Role
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Move to Old Debe's Village
Move to Old Debe's Village
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Old Debe's Village
Old Debe's Village
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Grief and Mourning
Grief and Mourning
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Emotional Journey
Emotional Journey
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Kumsa's Role
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Mother's Love
Mother's Love
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Return to the East
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Journey to Mother
Journey to Mother
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Final Moments
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Grief Rituals
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Life's Cycle
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Symbolism of the Sun
Symbolism of the Sun
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Study Notes
Tswana and Herero Influence on !Kung Life
- Initial Tswana and Herero settlements were likely tolerated by the !Kung due to the ease of accommodation compared to fighting.
- The presence of fixed villages with permanent food resources contrasted sharply with the nomadic lifestyle of the !Kung.
- Tswana and Herero life, with milk, gardens, domestic animals, and colorful clothing, seemed appealing to the !Kung.
- Settled villages with sturdy huts provided insurance for the !Kung against bush food scarcity.
- Labor was exchanged for milk and grain when the Bantu-speakers had surplus.
- During crop failures, the Bantu-speakers depended on the !Kung's knowledge of bush foods.
- Springs became contaminated by cattle and goats.
- Animal concentrations and milk gourds attracted swarms of flies.
- Diseases common among the Tswana and Herero spread to the !Kung.
- Cattle and goats frightened game and depleted wild plants.
- Thorn bushes thrived due to the roving herds.
- Herds grazed farther from waterholes, encroaching on !Kung lands.
- Expanding villages made maintaining the !Kung way of life difficult.
- Asking for handouts became necessary for the !Kung.
- Except for girls marrying into other tribes, most lived as beggars or servants.
- Former independent !Kung now held low-status positions.
- Drinking home-brew became popular due to psychological effects.
- Some !Kung adapted and benefited by exchanging labor for milk during scarce water.
- When rains came, they left the villages for bush foods or animal kills.
- Visiting far-off people and moving to clean places was enticing.
- Tribal politics became official in 1948 with Isak Utugile as the regional headman.
- Isak, a Part !Kung fluent in local languages, mediated conflicts and pronounced judgments based on tribal law until 1973.
- Despite subsisting on bush foods until the 1960s, the trend was towards sedentary village life.
- More !Kung tended herds, cleared gardens, raised chickens, and sold crafts.
- Traded and store-bought goods became more common.
- Hut styles changed to sturdy, mud-base plaster walls and thatched roofs, and individual compounds were demarcated.
- Child care patterns were affected, and women who lead more sedentary lives had shorter birth spacing between children.
- This change might be due to the availability of cow and goat milk affecting on nursing patterns, and also the women being better fed and less active.
- Mothers with two children were less likely to gather and more dependent on animal husbandry and agriculture.
- Women provided less food for their families, and men participated in tribal politics, potentially jeopardizing women's traditional influence.
- Older !Kung were no longer respected as repositories of culture.
- Skills were less useful to grandchildren in school, herding animals, or using modern techniques.
- Land control shifted from "owners" to government land boards.
- Sedentary life was easier on old people, and older children cared for older adults, also excursions were shorter and more efficient.
- The !Kung adapted to changes with flexibility and humor.
- They worked within the legal system to secure rights to traditional lands.
- With support from the Botswana government and Kalahari People's Fund, the !Kung received guidance in digging wells.
- School fees were paid for willing !Kung children.
- Clinics impacted mortality, and specialists advised on land and animals.
- Government encouraged traditional crafts for sale, and the transition aimed to preserve !Kung culture.
- Women continued to gather bush foods, varying their diets.
- They said that even with enough village food, they yearn for the taste of their bush food.
- Children learned modern values while still being exposed to traditions.
- Hunting and tracking skills were maintained through employment by other tribes.
- Ceremonial trance dances and women's drum dances flourished.
- Increased population created an exciting and festive atmosphere.
- Other tribes expressed faith in !Kung medicine.
- Non-!Kung villagers attended dances and employed !Kung healers, adding dignity to their spiritual accomplishments.
Nisa's Personal Experiences
- Nisa refused to become a co-wife as she feared conflict and mistreatment from the first wife.
- Nisa preferred to remain single and independent after her husband's death.
- Although Nisa was pressured to marry Besa, she refused due to his appearance.
- Nisa built her own hut, and Besa became her lover.
- Kantla, who wanted Nisa as a co-wife before, still pursued her.
- The headman and others pressured Nisa to marry Besa, and eventually Kantla left.
- Kantla and Bezah continued to be her lovers
- One time, after Besa came back, he became violent.
- When Nisa's father heard about Bezha, he intervened with a spear.
- Nisa's parents opposed her relationship with Besa and took her away.
- Bezha followed, and they continued to be lovers.
- At first, Nisa did not love Bezha much, but eventually agreed to marry him because it was insisited upon
- They lived together for many years and shared many rainy seasons, and they participated in joint activity such as meat gathering
- Nisa learned to love him with a great part of her heart
- Nai called Besa Uncle because she knew her father, but Kxau called him Father since he did not remember his father
- Nisa and Besa argued frequently about sex, as he had an insatiable desire.
- She thought that he was not well, or perhaps he thought that she was something other than a wife.
- Nisa had many lovers besides Besa, including Tsaa and Nanau.
- Besa caught Nisa and Nanau making love, and they were punished.
- Nisa was beaten for being with Nanau.
- She moved out but eventually returned to Besa.
- She continued to have lovers.
- Tsaa left Nisa for another woman, causing her jealousy and sadness.
- Tsaa asked for water and forgiveness but Nisa refused
- A man named Kashe wanted to be her lover and tried to wake her. Besa found out and chased Besa off with a knife
- Nisa's father drove Kashe away out of fear for Nisa's safety given Besa's potential reaction
- Nisa eventually resumed living with Besa.
- The married Bessa, one of Kantla's younger brothers became their lover.
- While they were washing at the well, Kantla tried to grab Nisa, and they started an argument.
- Besa then asked about Dem, even thought she was with other men before he had know her.
- The scar on her thigh came from a fight where she fended off Besa with a knife after he had threated her.
- Nisa went back to her mother's out of fear of being hurt or killed and refused to remain at Besa's side
The Position of Women in Kung Society
- In most societies, women have a lower status than men.
- Kung are an anomaly with a striking degree of equality between the sexes.
- Kung men have more influence as spokespeople or healers.
- Higher equality exists compared to agricultural or herding societies.
- The relations between the sexes during prehistory were similar to those among the Kung today.
- Extremes of subordination are a recent aberration.
- Kung women have practical importance in family and economy.
- They have maximum influence over decisions about their children.
- Men are discouraged from being present at birth.
- Women control the birth process, including infanticide that is not influenced by the sex of the child.
- Mothers are responsible for 90% of child care.
- Village life eases the burden, freeing women for other pursuits.
- Mothers are rarely alone, and children rarely lack playmates.
- Older children can be left with other adults while mothers gather.
- Women with large families contribute as much economically as those with small families.
- Kung fathers provide more care for infants than fathers in many societies.
- Children are comfortable with either parent.
- Fathers are not feared as authorities; both guide children equally, and can misbehave equally with both.
- Parents avoid direct confrontations and physical punishment.
- Lack of privacy protects women from battering and children from abuse.
- Arguments occur within sight of neighbors, who intervene.
- In some cultures, the mother's influence is seen as a threat to her sun, so they are separated
- The Kung allow children to sleep in their parents' hut until the child decides to sleep elsewhere
- Boys are isolated for a few weeks between fifteen and twenty for Choma, the male initiation ceremony.
- Choma is a sacred time when ritual knowledge is passed on.
- After Choma, boys resume village life without segregation by sex.
- Village space is communal and open to all. Taboos exist against menstrual women touching arrows, and sex during menstruation.
- These prohibitions do not exclude women from social, political, or economic life.
- Women are not considered a threat to men's identities.
- Influence increases as children grow older, and mothers play a large role on whom their kids will marry
- Barren women are pitied but not ostracized.
- Tie marriage together with intimate rounds of visiting, obligations and gift exchange
- After marriage the son and daughter have the same loving treatment
- Parents arrange marriages usually for their daughters
- The women married men who were older than themselves
- These marriages were unstable and the women would take the opportunity to divorce
- Later marriages are generally more equal.
- In 20% of marriages in which the husband is younger than his wife, the wife's influence is often greater than his.) The control Kung women retain over this part of their lives is a marked contrast to other cultures where girls have no choice but to comply with the wishes of their parents and hus-bands.
- Primary economic providers, they gather vegetable foods from the wild about three days a week
- Kung women recognize men and women alike as the primary economic providers of the group.
- Women gather food and dont control them with any regulations.
- Husbands can forbid women to gathering food for chores or they will need to go and visit, but listen to men's efforts to help with food.
- Social reasons, as well as reasons of safety were there in those who decided to go with the group.
- Between villiages should prefrably travel in groups.
- Fear of occasional predators was always lurking around.
- Men dont exploit mobility differences however women unprotected by men and their weapons travel to the wilderness
- One of the practical differences is that the overnight hunting trip if needed the entire group will have to move
- Each woman gathers for themselves, each expidition taps peoples ability to pick a ripe plant
- Unlike kung hunters, Kung gatheress can find enough food for their kids which makes the Kung very secure
- Gathering can be energetically engaged with a woman's family.
- Each expedition is flexible, engaging and efficient.
- They determine how much and who the gatherings will be given.
- Adults participate in discreet numbers.
- Inherited water holes and core of the group is inherited by women.
- Challenges Margaret Mead's ideas. Kung women may control the distribution of their gathered products, but the distribution of meat, while more constrained by formal rules, involves men in a wider sphere of influence.
- Kung women do have a formidable degree of autonomy, Kung men enjoy certain distinct advantages-in the way the culture values their activities, both economic and spiritual.
- Animal protein is not brought into the village only by me and meat provides a wider sphere of influence
- Kung men may control distribution but the influence may go into a different place
- Kung men also provide women with basic gathering kit and other inplements and women are not included with hunting.
- It becomes more complex if men and women participate but they were known as less serious hunters
- Kung men's knowledge about plants is comparable to that of woman and in addition they gather food whenever they want to
- In spirituial life, the healers tap into healing and can trance. Although in drum dance some women are known to have mastered
- Leadership and decision making skills are knowns to be in the kung group.
The Circle of Life
- The process of leadership and decisionmaking plays a part in this
- Determining how the Kung actually make important decisions is difficult.
- But the Kung are not limited by formal leaders or hierarchies, and that includes the education and training.
- In life and death, her experiences are passed on from one generation to another.
- Kung culture downplays anything that would allow male dominance.
- Wealth differences minimized by sharing food and possessions and by giving presents. The division of labor by sex is not rigidly defined.
- Wealth differences minimiszed by sharing the food
- Life is intimidate and helps people promote equality.
- The most of which is helping them be competent asserive and cooperative.
- All of these values help improve the relationship between one another
- Besa asked her to pack to live with old debas village the journey was hard and she cried and Besa was with her along with their children and other community members
- They started crying but didnt stop, because the tears would not kill their family.
- When one day she got a message about her mother dying, the family journeyed to be and see their. She was old and then died, so it was important for her to listen.
- They lived there until one day their family member said that their moms friend needed some care when Besa dug her a grave to burry her and take her kids to the place she would say her last sleep. the women was buried by her brother, and he too passed on with her mother when he took the kids to. -her family . She also went to see Besa family when she got sick with the pains.
- She heard her younger brother and older brother tell her she was dying.
- Besa and her were moving and one day she was asked if she wanted to live with her family and she did, and she didn't know. So she was working for a euroepean women named Bessat at the time .
- But when he saw her, and he knew the people, he asked her questions.
- Soon after that, she became pregnant, but he left her because it reminded her of the sore in her face. She didnt want to be left alone and asked what about her when he took her.
- He tried to convince her that someone would pick her off, because of some reason.
- It made him see her as foreign in some way because she followed him and because he didnt agree.
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Description
This lesson explores the initial tolerance of the !Kung towards the Tswana and Herero settlements. It examines the appeal of settled life, potential benefits, and negative consequences for the !Kung. It also highlights the environmental impact of livestock and the resulting dependency and labor.
