Hadoop and Apache Spark Overview

Study Notes

Hadoop is a scalable, distributed data storage and analytics engine that can store and analyze massive amounts of unstructured and semi-structured data.
The distributed architecture of Apache Hadoop is comprised of multiple nodes (sometimes thousands), which are individual servers that run an off-the-shelf operating system and the Apache Hadoop software.
Input file sizes can be about one terabyte (TB).
Hadoop consists of two parts or sub-projects: MapReduce and HDFS.
MapReduce is a computational model and software framework for writing applications run on Hadoop.
A Word Count Example of MapReduce
First, we divide the input into four splits as shown in the figure. This will distribute the work among all the map nodes.
Then, we tokenize the words in each of the mappers and give a hardcoded value (1) to each of the tokens or words. The rationale behind giving a hardcoded value equal to 1 is that every word, in itself, will occur once.
Now, a list of key-value pair will be created where the key is nothing, but the individual words and value is one. So, for the first line (Welcome to Hadoop) we have 3 key-value pairs —Welcome, 1; to, 1; Hadoop, 1.
After the mapper phase, a partition process takes place where sorting and shuffling happen so that all the tuples with the same key are sent to the corresponding reducer.
So, after the sorting and shuffling phase, each reducer will have a unique key and a list of values corresponding to that very key. For example, Bad, [1]; is, [1,1]., etc.
Each Reducer counts the values which are present in that list of values. As shown in the figure, reducer gets a list of values which is [1,1] for the key Bear. Then, it counts the number of ones in the very list and gives the final output as — Hadoop, 3.
Finally, all the output key/value pairs are then collected and written in the output file.
Apache Spark is an open-source cluster computing framework for big data and machine learning.
Apache Spark is built on top of Hadoop MapReduce and is optimized to run in memory, unlike Hadoop's MapReduce, which writes data to and from computer hard drives.
Apache Spark is up to 100K faster than Hadoop for processing large datasets.
Apache Spark provides high performance for batch and streaming data using its DAG scheduler, a query optimizer, and a physical execution engine.
Intel's Value Adds to Apache Spark include its Distributed Deep Learning library, Intel BigDL, and its rich deep learning support.
Intel BigDL can efficiently scale out to perform data analytics at a “big data scale” by using Spark, as well as efficient implementations of synchronous stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and all-reduce communications in Spark.
You can use Intel BigDL to write your learning programs to run on data stored in HDFS or Hive.
Intel also provides pointers and system setting for hardware and software that will give the best performance for most situations.

Description

Test your knowledge of Hadoop and Apache Spark with this quiz covering topics such as distributed architecture, MapReduce, HDFS, Apache Spark's features, and Intel's contributions to the framework. Learn about the key concepts and technologies behind these powerful big data and machine learning solutions.