Krebs Cycle - Helwan University Pharmacy

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Questions and Answers

In eukaryotic cells, where does the Krebs cycle take place?

  • Intermembrane space
  • Outer mitochondrial membrane
  • Cytosol
  • Mitochondrial matrix (correct)

Why is it important that the Krebs cycle occurs close to the electron transport chain (ETC)?

  • To regulate glycolysis
  • To facilitate the transport of acetyl-CoA
  • To prevent the accumulation of pyruvate
  • To ensure efficient ATP production via NADH and FADH2 oxidation (correct)

Which of the following cell types does NOT perform the Krebs cycle?

  • Hepatocytes
  • Cardiomyocytes
  • Neurons
  • Erythrocytes (RBCs) (correct)

Cancer cells often exhibit aerobic glycolysis, also known as the Warburg effect. How does this affect glucose metabolism?

<p>Increased glucose uptake and lactate production even in the presence of oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in PET scans?

<p>To detect areas of high glucose uptake, indicative of increased glycolytic activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In hypoxic conditions, what metabolic pathway is favored over the Krebs cycle?

<p>Glycolysis followed by lactate production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the net products of glycolysis?

<p>2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net yield of the transition step from pyruvate to acetyl CoA for each molecule of glucose?

<p>2 CO2, 2 Acetyl CoA and 2 NADH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two metabolic fates does citrate have after its production in the Krebs cycle?

<p>Fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the metabolic fate of alpha-ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate?

<p>Amino acid and neurotransmitter synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is succinyl-CoA a precursor for?

<p>Heme synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leucine and Lysine follow what pathway?

<p>Ketogenic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a substrate for Krebs Cycle and is essential for manufacturing oxaloacetate?

<p>Citrate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reactions in the Krebs cycle directly produces a high-energy phosphate compound via substrate-level phosphorylation?

<p>Succinyl-CoA synthetase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which 3 steps have a negative delta G and drives the Krebs cycle?

<p>Steps 1, 3, and 4 (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered the slowest irreversible enzyme and is also the rate limiting step?

<p>Rxn 3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes embedded in the IMM (inner mitochondrial membrane)?

<p>Succinate Dehydrogenase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered toxic and a 'Suicide Substrate' of aconitase in Krebs Cycle?

<p>Fluroacetate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is energy mobilization and alternative fuel used?

<p>Fed State (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is storage and biosynthesis used?

<p>Starvation State (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What inhibits Citrate Synthase and Isoctrate DH in the Fed State?

<p>High ATP and NADH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What activates Isoctrate DH and a-KG DH in the Starvation State?

<p>ADP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Starvation state, ___________ is/are used as primary fuel?

<p>Fatty acids and ketone bodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP are yielded by 1 NADH?

<p>2.5 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mutation in the enzyme could cause Pheochromocytoma?

<p>Succinate Dehydrogenase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mutation in the enzyme could cause Glioma?

<p>a-KG Dehydrogenase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mutation in the enzyme could cause Leioma (fibroid)?

<p>Fumarase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions involving the Krebs cycle leads to feeling cold even in summer?

<p>Liver failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central hub of metabolism, linking various catabolic and anabolic pathways?

<p>Krebs cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What 2 molecules do CHO (carbohydrates) produce for in Krebs Cycle?

<p>Acetyl-CoA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecule do Lipids produce for in Krebs Cycle?

<p>Acetyl-CoA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can OAA (oxaloacetate) be diverted to forming?

<p>Glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a-Ketoglutarate used to synthesize?

<p>Glutamate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is OAA (oxaloacetate) used to synthesize?

<p>Aspartate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following Krebs cycle intermediates is exported to the cytosol for lipid biosynthesis?

<p>Citrate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Krebs cycle intermediate contributes to heme production?

<p>Succinyl-CoA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a hypothetical drug was created that could COMPLETELY inhibit the malate-aspartate shuttle, but allowed for normal function of the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle, how many theoretical ATP would result from each glucose molecule metabolized?

<p>30 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Krebs Cycle Site

Mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes

Reason for Krebs Cycle Location

Produces NADH & FADH2 close to the ETC for efficient ATP production

Cells Not Performing Krebs Cycle

Red blood cells lack mitochondria

Cancer Cells and the Krebs Cycle

Cancer cells use aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) with high glucose uptake and lactate accumulation.

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Hypoxic Cells and the Krebs Cycle

Hypoxic cells convert pyruvate to lactate (anaerobic glycolysis)

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Krebs Cycle Significance: Energy Production

It provides NADH and FADH2, driving the ETC for ATP synthesis.

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Krebs Cycle: Citrate's fate?

Citrate leads to fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis.

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Krebs Cycle: α-Ketoglutarate & OAA

α-Ketoglutarate and Oxaloacetate lead to amino acid and neurotransmitter synthesis.

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Krebs Cycle: Succinyl-CoA fate?

Succinyl-CoA leads to Heme synthesis.

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Krebs Cycle: Regulation of Metabolism

Acts as a metabolic hub, integrating signals from glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, & amino acid catabolism.

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Glycolysis Net Products

Glucose is converted to 2 Pyruvate, yielding 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

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Transition Step Products

2 pyruvate are converted to 2 COâ‚‚, and 2 Acetyl CoA plus 2 NADH.

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Non-Glucogenic Amino Acids

Leucine & Lysine

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Krebs Cycle Products Per Turn

Each turn produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP.

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Reaction #1 Enzyme

Citrate Synthase

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Reaction #3 Enzyme

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

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Reaction #4 Enzyme

α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex

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Rate-Limiting Enzyme

Slow irreversible enzyme.

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Succinate Dehydrogenase Location

Only enzyme embedded in the IMM.

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Mutation associated wih Leioma (fibroid)

Fumarase

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Mutation associated wih Pheochromocytoma

Succinate Dehydrogenase

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Study Notes

  • Lecture held on 02232025 for the Faculty of Pharmacy at Helwan University
  • Presented by Shady Estfanous, Msc., PhD, Lecturer
  • Contact 01285315688 for further assistance

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