Krebs Cycle and Cellular Respiration

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What is the main hydrocarbon fuel in most cells?

Glucose

Which pathway is the only one that yields ATP in the absence of oxygen?

Glycolysis

What is the product of photosynthesis that takes place in green plants due to Chlorophyll?

Glucose

Which monosaccharide is the most abundant in nature?

<p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the breakdown of glycogen into glucose?

<p>Glycogenolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the universal pathway for hydrocarbon catabolism in all living cells?

<p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key regulatory enzyme in the glycolysis pathway?

<p>Phosphofructokinase-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the free energy change of the reaction converting fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate in glycolysis?

<p>$-14.2 kJ/mol$</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific response to hormones in glycolysis pathway?

<p>Synthesis of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which step of glycolysis does glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate get oxidized and phosphorylated?

<p>Step 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net result of glycolysis for one molecule of glucose?

<p>$2$ pyruvate, $4$ ATP, $2$ NAD+, $2$ H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces lactic acid or ethanol?

<p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which cellular compartment does the Krebs cycle take place?

<p>Mitochondrial matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecule that is metabolized in the Krebs cycle?

<p>(Acetyl-CoA) Acetyl coenzyme A</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway regenerates NAD+ from NADH when inadequate oxygen is present?

<p>(Lactic fermentation) Lactic acid fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

"It is a metabolic cycle that consists of a series of chain reactions of oxidation-reduction" refers to which metabolic cycle?

<p>(Krebs cycle) Citric acid cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main storage organ of glycogen?

<p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme catalyzes the transfer of glucose from UDPglucose to the C-4 hydroxyl group of a terminal residue in the growing glycogen molecule?

<p>Glycogen synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the biological significance of gluconeogenesis?

<p>Allows the supply of glucose when blood levels are not adequate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Cori cycle?

<p>Coupling of two metabolic pathways in different organs to provide energy at all times</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway?

<p>Obtaining non-hexose monosaccharides and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does gluconeogenesis mainly take place?

<p>Liver and kidney cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic pathway involves the synthesis of glucose from lactate, glycerol, and amino acids?

<p>Gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?

<p>Produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?

<p>Carry electrons to the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?

<p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many protons are pumped to the intermembrane space for each NADH molecule during cellular respiration?

<p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of glycogen in animal cells?

<p>Store excess glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzymes are involved in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate?

<p>Glycogen phosphorylase kinase, glycogen debranching enzyme, phosphoglucomutase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen to glucose?

<p>Rise in cAMP following epinephrine or glucagon stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide is rapidly hydrolyzed by amylase enzyme secreted by salivary glands and pancreas?

<p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energetic output of the total oxidation of a molecule of glucose assuming 1 NADH = 2.5 ATP and 1 FADH2 = 1.5 ATP?

<p>$36$ ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is glycogen primarily stored in humans?

<p>Muscles and bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

<p>Binds with protons to form water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?

<p>Catalyzes the conversion of ADP to ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net result for one turn of the Krebs Cycle?

<p>2CO2 + 3 NADH + 1 FADH2 + GTP + CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives the flow of protons back into the mitochondrial matrix during oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>Proton motive force</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the introduction of 2 atoms of Carbon in the form of acetyl-CoA in the Krebs Cycle?

<p>Citrate synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Krebs Cycle?

<p>Oxidation of organic metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic pathway is considered to be amphibolic, participating in both catabolism and anabolism?

<p>Krebs Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecule that starts the Krebs Cycle by producing citrate?

<p>Acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate in an anaplerotic reaction for the Krebs Cycle?

<p>Pyruvate carboxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor determining the rate of the Krebs Cycle?

<p>Amount of available oxaloacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism used to drive ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>Chemiosmotic theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net result of oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>Conversion of ADP to ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

<p>Mitochondrial matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

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