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Questions and Answers

Which cells are combined to produce hybridomas?

  • Human lymphocytes and virus cells
  • B lymphocytes and bacterial cells
  • Mice lymphocytes and tumor cells (correct)
  • Tumor cells and red blood cells

Monoclonal antibodies can bind to multiple types of antigens.

False (B)

What type of cells do lymphocytes belong to?

White blood cells

Monoclonal antibodies are proteins produced from a single _____ of cells.

<p>clone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following uses of monoclonal antibodies with their applications:

<p>Pregnancy tests = Detecting hormones Diagnostic tests = Identifying diseases Cancer treatment = Targeting cancer cells Vaccines = Preventing diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of hybridomas produced from human and mouse cells?

<p>They are less likely to be rejected by human cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antigens are only found on the surface of tumor cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of testing relies on monoclonal antibodies for detecting pregnancy?

<p>Pregnancy tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color does mucus turn when you have a cold?

<p>Green (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The skin acts as a barrier to prevent pathogens from entering the body.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cilia in the respiratory system?

<p>To waft mucus up to the back of the throat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sticky liquid produced by the nose is called __________.

<p>mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the body stop bleeding after skin damage?

<p>Through the formation of a scab (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The stomach acid is ineffective in destroying microorganisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does healthy skin microorganisms play in body defense?

<p>They act as an extra barrier to prevent pathogen entry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following body defenses with their functions:

<p>Skin = Barrier against pathogens Mucus = Traps particles and pathogens Cilia = Moves mucus to the throat Stomach acid = Destroys microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of mimicry in some plants?

<p>To trick animals into not eating them (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Memory cells are responsible for producing antibodies the first time the body meets a new pathogen.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of pathogens can vaccinations protect against?

<p>Both bacterial and viral diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antigens on microorganisms are recognized by the body's _____ to create specific antibodies.

<p>immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of diseases with their corresponding vaccination examples:

<p>Tetanus = Bacterial disease Measles = Viral disease Diphtheria = Bacterial disease Polio = Viral disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant exhibits a unique adaptation by collapsing leaves to frighten larger animals?

<p>Mimosa pudica (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vaccination involves introducing live pathogens to stimulate the immune response.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?

<p>To inactivate or destroy pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

The MMR vaccine protects against _____, _____, and _____

<p>measles, mumps, rubella</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Monoclonal Antibodies

Antibodies produced from a single clone of cells, targeting specific cells or chemicals.

Hybridomas

Cells created by combining mouse lymphocytes and tumor cells, producing identical antibodies.

Lymphocytes

White blood cells that make antibodies, but cannot divide on their own.

Antigens

Protein molecules found on cells or as free molecules, targeted by antibodies.

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Specific Antibody Binding

Monoclonal antibodies bind to a specific spot on an antigen, enabling targeted action.

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Pregnancy Tests

Use monoclonal antibodies to detect hormones in urine, aiding in pregnancy diagnosis.

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Hybridoma Cell Division

Hybridomas repeatedly divide, producing many identical cells that make the same antibodies.

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Antibody Purification

The process of separating and purifying monoclonal antibodies for use in medical treatments.

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Plant Defense Mechanisms

Methods plants use to protect themselves from animals and insects.

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Mimicry (Plants)

Plants that look unhealthy to avoid being eaten.

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Immune System Response

Body's defense against foreign invaders (microorganisms).

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Antibodies

Proteins that bind to and inactivate harmful microorganisms.

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Memory Cells

Immune system cells that remember pathogens for faster future defense.

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Vaccination

A method of preventing infectious diseases by introducing weakened or dead pathogens.

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Vaccine

A preparation used to stimulate the body's immune response against specific diseases.

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Pathogens

Microorganisms that cause diseases.

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Body's defense mechanism

The various ways the body protects itself from disease-causing microorganisms (pathogens), including skin, respiratory, and digestive systems.

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Skin defense

Your skin acts as a physical barrier to prevent pathogens from entering the body, and it secretes antimicrobial substances to destroy bacteria.

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Respiratory system defense

The nose, trachea, and bronchi trap pathogens with hairs (cilia) and mucus. The mucus is then carried to the throat and swallowed.

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Digestive system defense

The stomach produces acid that kills pathogens swallowed in food and drink.

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Mucus

A sticky substance produced by the body. It traps pathogens and other particles in respiratory and digestive systems.

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Cilia

Tiny hair-like projections on cells that move mucus and other substances.

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Infectious Disease

A disease caused by pathogen that spread from one person to another.

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Study Notes

Preventing Microorganisms

  • Your body encounters millions of disease-causing microorganisms daily.
  • Openings and breaks in the skin provide entry points for pathogens.
  • The body has various defense mechanisms to prevent infection.

Skin Defenses

  • Skin acts as a barrier to prevent bacteria and viruses from entering tissues.
  • A cut or damaged skin is sealed by blood clotting, forming a scab.
  • Antimicrobial secretions destroy bacteria.
  • Skin's microorganisms provide an extra barrier against pathogens.

Respiratory and Digestive Defenses

  • Breathing and eating allow pathogens to enter.
  • The nose has hairs and mucus to trap pathogens from inhaled air.
  • Cilia in the trachea and bronchi move mucus upwards toward the throat.
  • Stomach acid neutralizes pathogens consumed in food and drink.

The Immune-System (Internal Defenses)

  • The immune system tries to destroy pathogens.
  • White blood cells engulf and digest pathogens.
  • Some white blood cells produce antibodies that target specific pathogens.
  • Antibodies help the body quickly eliminate the pathogens upon re-exposure.
  • Antitoxins neutralize toxins released by pathogens.
  • White blood cells contain enzymes that combat cold viruses and pathogens in mucus.

Plant Pathogens

  • Plants are susceptible to viruses, bacteria, and fungi.
  • Aphids, which feed on plant sap, carry diseases.
  • Pests like grubs or nematodes harm plant roots.
  • Mineral deficiencies affect plant growth and yield.

Detecting Plant Diseases

  • Early detection is crucial for effective disease management.
  • Symptoms include stunted growth, leaf spots, decay, growths, malformations, discoloration, and pests.
  • Experts check symptoms in crop plants and trees for pathogens.

Physical Plant Defenses

  • Cell walls resist microbial invasion.
  • A waxy cuticle on leaves prevents pathogen entry.
  • Dead cells on stems or bark form a barrier.
  • Leaf loss sheds infectious diseases carried by infected leaves.

Chemical Plant Defenses

  • Plants produce chemicals to deter invaders, acting as antibiotics.
  • Some examples: mint, witch hazel, compounds from pine, cypress, and euphorbias.
  • Plants defend themselves against animals that eat them through spines, hairs, or toxic compounds.

How Antibiotics Work

  • Antibiotics target bacterial cells, not human cells.
  • Antibiotics can kill bacteria and cure bacterial diseases.
  • Some bacteria are developing resistance to antibiotics.

Treating Infectious Diseases

  • Drugs treat symptoms but don’t eliminate pathogens.
  • Painkillers like aspirin and paracetamol relieve symptoms.
  • Antiseptics and disinfectants kill bacteria outside the body.
  • Antibiotics target bacterial diseases.
  • They’re generally effective but some bacteria are resistant to them.

Vaccination

  • Vaccination (immunization) uses a dead or inactive pathogen to stimulate antibody production.
  • This protects the body from future infections by the same pathogen.
  • Herd immunity occurs when a large portion of the population is immune to a disease, minimizing its spread.

Monoclonal Antibodies

  • Hybridomas produce identical antibodies to target specific cells or chemicals.
  • Monoclonal antibodies can bind to specific molecules and perform various functions. They are used to identify and diagnose diseases, particularly cancers, and are targeted at harmful or diseased cells.

Key Terminology

  • Pathogen: A disease-causing organism.
  • Antibody: A protein that recognizes and neutralizes a specific pathogen.
  • Antitoxin: A substance that neutralizes a toxin produced by a pathogen.
  • Herd Immunity: Large populations with immunity reduces the spread of a disease.

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