Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the formalization of the sentence 'Tom is John's child'?
What is the formalization of the sentence 'Tom is John's child'?
child(tom, john)
What is the definition of a grandchild in terms of the child relation?
What is the definition of a grandchild in terms of the child relation?
grandchild(X, Y) ⇔ (child(X, Z) ∧ child(Z, Y))
How would you formalize the sentence 'sam is an eagle'?
How would you formalize the sentence 'sam is an eagle'?
eagle(sam)
What is the conclusion of the query grandfather(a, X)?
What is the conclusion of the query grandfather(a, X)?
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What is backtracking in the context of knowledge representation?
What is backtracking in the context of knowledge representation?
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What are the different types of belief in fuzzy logic?
What are the different types of belief in fuzzy logic?
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What is Uncertainty, and what are its consequences?
What is Uncertainty, and what are its consequences?
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How do expert systems deal with uncertainty?
How do expert systems deal with uncertainty?
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What is the significance of probability theory in dealing with uncertainty?
What is the significance of probability theory in dealing with uncertainty?
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What is the difference between expert systems and decision trees in dealing with uncertainty?
What is the difference between expert systems and decision trees in dealing with uncertainty?
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Study Notes
Knowledge Representation (KR)
- Formalize sentences using predicates:
- child(tom, john) represents "Tom is John's child"
- child(ann, tom) represents "Ann is Tom's child"
- child(john, mark) represents "John is Mark's child"
- child(alice, john) represents "Alice is John's child"
- grandchild(X, Y) <=> child(X, Z) ∧ child(Z, Y) represents "The grandchild of a person is a child of a child of this person"
Query Answers
- Is Ann a child of Tom? -> Yes
- Who is a grandchild of Ann? -> No information provided
- Who is a grandchild of whom? -> No information provided
Example
- Formalize the scenario:
- bird(tom) represents "Tom is a bird"
- bird(sam) represents "Sam is a bird"
- bird(donald) represents "Donald is a bird"
- eagle(sam) represents "Sam is an eagle"
- penguin(tom) represents "Tom is a penguin"
- duck(donald) represents "Donald is a duck"
- fly(x) <=> feather(x) ∧ bird(x) represents "Birds fly if they have feathers"
- penguin(x) => ¬feather(x) represents "Penguins do not have feathers"
Definite Program
- grandfather(X, Z) <=> father(X, Y) ∧ parent(Y, Z) represents "A grandfather is a father of a parent"
- parent(X, Y) ∨ father(X, Y) represents "A parent is either a father or a mother"
- father(a, b) represents "A is the father of B"
- mother(b, c) represents "B is the mother of C"
- Query: grandfather(a, X) -> X = c
Backtracking
- Backtracking is the process of going back to a previous goal and trying to resatisfy it, i.e., find another way of satisfying it.
- Example:
- Father(john, mary) represents "John is the father of Mary"
- Father(john, mark) represents "John is the father of Mark"
- Father(john, francis) represents "John is the father of Francis"
- Father(gavin, lucy) represents "Gavin is the father of Lucy"
- Rich(jane) represents "Jane is rich"
- Rich(john) represents "John is rich"
- Rich(gavin) represents "Gavin is rich"
- Rich_father(X, Y) :- rich(X), father(X, Y) represents "A rich father is a father who is rich"
- Query: Rich_father(A, B) -> Solution using backtrack method
Fuzzy Logic
- Types of Belief:
- Possible: no matter how remote, the hypothesis cannot be ruled out
- Probable: there is some evidence favoring the hypothesis but not enough to prove it
- Certain: evidence is logically true or false
- Impossible: it is false
- Plausible: more than a possibility exists
- Uncertainty:
- Lack of information to formulate a decision
- May result in making poor or bad decisions
- Requires reasoning under uncertainty along with common sense
- Expert Systems:
- Provide an advantage when dealing with uncertainty compared to decision trees
- With decision trees, all facts must be known to arrive at an outcome
- Probability theory is devoted to dealing with theories of uncertainty
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Description
Practice formalizing sentences and answering queries related to family relationships, using knowledge representation techniques.
