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Questions and Answers

What is a common congenital heart condition characterized by an abnormal valve opening?

  • Mitral valve prolapse
  • Aortic stenosis
  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • Atresia (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a cause of valvular heart disease (VHD)?

  • Rheumatic disease
  • Endocarditis
  • Marfan syndrome
  • Genetic predisposition (correct)

What clinical manifestation might indicate an acute development of valvular heart disease?

  • Exertional shortness of breath (correct)
  • Weight loss in adults
  • Asymptomatic condition
  • Chronic fatigue

Which of the following interventions is primarily focused on repairing or replacing damaged heart valves in VHD management?

<p>Annuloplasty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which risk factor is least likely to influence the development of valvular heart disease?

<p>Regular exercise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a therapeutic goal specifically aimed at preventing irreversible changes in the left ventricle in VHD management?

<p>Preventing irreversible LV changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication would be categorized under medical management for valvular heart disease?

<p>Digoxin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant symptom of valvular heart disease that may occur due to fluid accumulation?

<p>Edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of chronic heart failure?

<p>Ischemia and infarction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)?

<p>Obstruction due to thrombus formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes decompensated heart failure?

<p>Worsening heart conditions that cannot be compensated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with the progression of Peripheral Artery Disease?

<p>Intermittent claudication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method of managing deep venous thrombosis?

<p>Anticoagulation therapy and thrombolytics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is recommended for managing hypertension in patients with Peripheral Artery Disease?

<p>ACE inhibitors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant complication of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?

<p>Pulmonary Embolism (PE) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of large fluid retention in chronic heart failure?

<p>It increases workload and causes edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the sympathetic nervous system respond in acute moderate heart failure?

<p>By stimulating heart muscle contraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle modification is recommended to prevent the progression of Peripheral Artery Disease?

<p>Regular exercise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common sign of Venous Diseases?

<p>Unilateral swelling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of left untreated deep venous thrombosis?

<p>It may lead to a pulmonary embolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with the presence of certain heart valve diseases?

<p>Reduced blood flow and ischemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the formation of thrombus in venous diseases?

<p>Malfunctioning valves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle change is recommended for managing deep venous thrombosis?

<p>Regular mild exercise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option may be necessary for severe Peripheral Artery Disease?

<p>Angioplasty or bypass surgery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Atresia

An abnormal valve opening, usually congenital.

Mitral Valve Prolapse

A condition where the mitral valve doesn't close completely.

Valvular Heart Disease (VHD)

Conditions affecting heart valves, causing improper functioning.

Causes of VHD

Rheumatic disease, endocarditis, congenital issues, autoimmune diseases, genetic disorders (like Marfan syndrome).

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Clinical Manifestations of VHD

Symptoms include shortness of breath, angina, lightheadedness, fatigue, palpitations, fever, edema, weight gain/loss.

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VHD Management (Medical)

Managing VHD with medications such as beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin.

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VHD Management (Surgical)

Surgical interventions for VHD include valve repair (annuloplasty, commissurotomy), or replacement.

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Heart Wall Structure

The heart wall consists of three layers: endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium, along with the pericardium.

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Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)

A blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the leg.

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Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

A blood clot that travels to the lung, blocking blood flow.

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Anticoagulation Therapy

Medications that prevent blood clots from forming.

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Thrombolytic Therapy

Medications that dissolve blood clots.

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Cardiac Output (CO)

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

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Chronic Heart Failure (CHF)

A long-term condition where the heart can't pump enough blood.

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Acute Heart failure

Rapid onset of heart failure; reduced cardiac output

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Compensated Heart Failure

The heart tries to compensate for the reduced ability to pump blood.

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Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

A progressive circulation disorder caused by narrowing, blockage, or spasms in blood vessels, potentially leading to gangrene or limb loss.

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Atherosclerotic Plaque

Thickening of artery walls, often causing partial or complete blockage of blood flow.

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Intermittent Claudication

Aching or cramping pain, a symptom of PAD, that occurs with activity and subsides with rest.

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Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

A blood clot in a deep vein, often in the leg, which can cause pain, swelling, and redness.

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Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

A life-threatening complication of DVT where a blood clot travels to the lungs, blocking blood flow.

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Antihypertensives

Medications that lower high blood pressure.

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Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels, increasing blood flow.

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Thrombus

A blood clot formed within a blood vessel.

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Study Notes

Congenital Heart Condition

  • A common congenital heart condition characterized by an abnormal valve opening is Tetralogy of Fallot.

Valvular Heart Disease

  • Hypertension is NOT a cause of valvular heart disease (VHD).
  • Acute dyspnea might indicate an acute development of valvular heart disease.

VHD Interventions

  • Valve surgery is the intervention primarily focused on repairing or replacing damaged heart valves.

VHD Risk Factors

  • Hypertension is the least likely risk factor influencing the development of valvular heart disease.

VHD Therapeutic Goals

  • Afterload reduction is a therapeutic goal aimed at preventing irreversible changes in the left ventricle.

VHD Medical Management

  • Diuretics are categorized under medical management for valvular heart disease.

Valvular Heart Disease Symptoms

  • Edema is a significant symptom of valvular heart disease due to fluid accumulation.

Chronic Heart Failure Causes

  • Valvular heart disease is a primary cause of chronic heart failure.

Peripheral Artery Disease

  • Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD).

Decompensated Heart Failure

  • Fluid accumulation is a characteristic of decompensated heart failure.

PAD Progression

  • Claudication is a symptom associated with the progression of PAD.

Deep Venous Thrombosis Management

  • Compression stockings are a method of managing deep venous thrombosis.

PAD and Hypertension Management

  • ACE inhibitors are recommended for managing hypertension in patients with PAD.

Deep Vein Thrombosis Complications

  • Pulmonary embolism is a significant complication of DVT.

Chronic Heart Failure and Fluid Retention

  • Edema is the effect of large fluid retention in chronic heart failure.

Acute Heart Failure and Sympathetic Response

  • The sympathetic nervous system responds by increasing heart rate and contractility in acute moderate heart failure.

PAD Progression Prevention

  • Regular exercise is recommended to prevent the progression of PAD.

Venous Diseases Signs

  • Leg swelling is a common sign of Venous Diseases.

Untreated DVT Complications

  • Pulmonary embolism is a potential complication of left untreated DVT.

Heart Valve Diseases & Associated Condition

  • Rheumatic fever is associated with the presence of certain heart valve diseases.

Thrombus Formation in Venous Diseases

  • Stasis of blood flow contributes to thrombus formation in venous diseases.

DVT Management Lifestyle Change

  • Avoiding prolonged sitting or standing is recommended for managing DVT.

Severe PAD Treatment

  • Bypass surgery may be necessary for severe PAD.

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