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Questions and Answers

What is 87.03 + 3.00 (Sig Fig)?

4

What is 782.0 ÷ 2.00?

3

Which group of elements in the periodic table are unreactive (stable) because they contain 8 valence electrons?

Noble Gases

How many valence electrons does oxygen have?

<p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

The element boron contains how many valence electrons?

<p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

From right to left across a period of elements, the electronegativity of the elements tends to __________.

<p>decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements has the highest ionization energy?

<p>S</p> Signup and view all the answers

As electrons add to S and P sub-levels in the same main energy level, what happens to atomic radii?

<p>Atomic radii decrease in size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements has the lowest electronegativity?

<p>Ca</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the trends for atomic radii.

<ol> <li>Atomic radius tends to increase as you go down a group; 2) Atoms tend to get smaller as you move from left to right across a period.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What group number of the periodic table has electron configuration in p1?

<p>Group 13</p> Signup and view all the answers

Beryllium is classified as a/an?

<p>Alkaline earth metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which period 6 element has the largest ionic radius?

<p>Cesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of elements is used in televisions, lasers, and strong magnets?

<p>Lanthanides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements has the greatest atomic radius?

<p>Al</p> Signup and view all the answers

The alkali metals in Group II can be cut with a knife.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The elements in the modern periodic table are arranged in increasing order of ________________.

<p>atomic number</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the periodic trends for ionization energy.

<ol> <li>IE decreases as you move down a group; 2) IE increases as you move left to right across a period.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is identified as a halogen?

<p>Iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons?

<p>Ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is half the distance from center to center of two like atoms that are bonded together?

<p>Atomic Radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from an atom or ion?

<p>Ionization Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reduced attraction between (+) charged nucleus and (-) valence electrons because of (-) charged inner electrons?

<p>Electron Shielding</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the amount of positive charge that actually acts on an electron?

<p>Effective Nuclear Charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are electrons found in the outermost shell of an atom that determine the atom's chemical properties?

<p>Valence Electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ion with a negative charge?

<p>Anion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ion with a positive charge?

<p>Cation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the periodic law?

<p>The repeating physical and chemical properties of elements change periodically with their atomic number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons?

<p>Electronegativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What element is located in Period 4, Group 8 of the periodic table?

<p>Iron, Fe</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ are the top row of the f-block. The __________ are the bottom row of the f-block.

<p>lanthanides, actinides</p> Signup and view all the answers

The valence electrons can affect chemical properties and can be determined by the __________ the element is found in.

<p>group</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alkali metals must be stored in __________.

<p>kerosene</p> Signup and view all the answers

The alkali metals in Group 1 are _________.

<p>highly reactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Not including the noble gases, the element with the highest electronegativity value is located in the __________ of the periodic table.

<p>upper right</p> Signup and view all the answers

Place the following ions in order from smallest to largest: Se 2-, Cl1-, Rb +1, Sr 2+.

<p>Cl1-, Sr 2+, Rb +1, Se 2-</p> Signup and view all the answers

The zinc is a/an __________ element.

<p>transition metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most electronegative element in the halogen group?

<p>F, Fluorine</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many families (groups) are there on the periodic table?

<p>18</p> Signup and view all the answers

Like Group I, the Group II elements are metals but not as reactive as their neighbors.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements has a larger atomic radius?

<p>Ba</p> Signup and view all the answers

This group of elements are radioactive.

<p>Actinides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following have the largest ionic radius?

<p>S 2-</p> Signup and view all the answers

The element rubidium is a member of which of the following groups of elements?

<p>Alkali metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'main-group' elements comprise what areas of the periodic table?

<p>s and p blocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

For atoms of p-block elements, the total number of electrons in the highest occupied level equals the...

<p>group number</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which alkali group element has the largest ionic radius?

<p>Fr, Francium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Refer to a periodic table. In which group is mercury?

<p>Group 12</p> Signup and view all the answers

The period of an element provides information about the...

<p>energy level</p> Signup and view all the answers

Refer to a periodic table. In which period is silver?

<p>Period 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is a transition metal?

<p>Vanadium</p> Signup and view all the answers

From bottom to top in most groups of elements, atomic radii tend to...

<p>decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

The halogens are found in _________ of the periodic table.

<p>Group 17</p> Signup and view all the answers

The element nitrogen contains how many valence electrons?

<p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of electrons in the outermost energy level of an alkali metal is ___________.

<p>One</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ are the most reactive group of non-metals.

<p>halogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many periods are there on the periodic table?

<p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mendeleev arranged the elements in his periodic table according to what property?

<p>Atomic mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the trends for electronegativity.

<ol> <li>En decreases as you move down a group; 2) En increases as you move left to right across a period.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements has the greatest ionization energy?

<p>Se</p> Signup and view all the answers

A horizontal row in the periodic table is called a(n)...

<p>period</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements behaves similarly to calcium?

<p>Beryllium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Generalizations about atoms and their properties based on its setup are called?

<p>Periodic Trend</p> Signup and view all the answers

An arrangement of the elements in order of their atomic numbers so that elements with similar properties fall in the same column, or group is called?

<p>Periodic Table</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a predictable change in a particular direction?

<p>Trend</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are elements Br and Cl similar?

<p>They have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of valence electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are alkali metals characterized by?

<p>Soft, highly reactive, stored in kerosene, combine with non-metals, reacts with water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are alkaline earth metals characterized by?

<p>Pair of e- in outermost level, hard, dense, strong, less reactive, found as compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are transition metals characterized by?

<p>Good conductors of electricity, less reactive than groups 1-2, high luster.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are metalloids characterized by?

<p>Only 6 of them, semi-conducting between metals and non-metals in the p-block, mostly brittle solids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are halogens characterized by?

<p>Most reactive non-metals, react with metals to form salt, 7 electrons in outer level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are noble gases characterized by?

<p>Unreactive, 8 electrons in outer energy level makes the gas stable, do not readily gain or lose electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lanthanides characterized by?

<p>Atomic #57-71, top row of f-block, reactive like group 2, shiny metals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are actinides characterized by?

<p>Atomic #90-103, bottom row of f-block, all are radioactive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Significant Figures

  • For the addition operation 87.03 + 3.00, the result should maintain 4 significant figures based on the least precise measurement.
  • The result of 782.0 ÷ 2.00 is expressed with 3 significant figures.

Periodic Table Elements

  • Noble Gases are unreactive due to having 8 valence electrons.
  • Oxygen has 6 valence electrons.
  • Boron contains 3 valence electrons.
  • The group number for elements with an electron configuration of p1 is Group 13.

Atomic Behavior

  • Electronegativity decreases from right to left across a period.
  • Ionization energy varies among elements, with Sulfur (S) exhibiting the highest ionization energy among given options.
  • As electrons populate S and P sub-levels, atomic radii decrease due to stronger attraction to the nucleus.
  • The atomic radius increases down a group due to additional electron shells, while it decreases from left to right due to increased effective nuclear charge.

Chemical Properties

  • Alkali metals (Group 1) are highly reactive and typically stored in kerosene.
  • The outermost electron count for alkali metals is one.
  • The halogens (Group 17) are the most reactive group of non-metals.

Ions and Charge Properties

  • An ion is an atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons, while a cation carries a positive charge and an anion carries a negative charge.
  • Effective Nuclear Charge is the net positive charge experienced by valence electrons.
  • Electron shielding reduces attraction between nucleus and valence electrons.
  • There are 18 groups in the periodic table, and 7 periods.
  • Ionization energy decreases down a group due to increased shielding and increases across a period as atoms aim to gain electrons for stability.
  • Electronegativity follows similar trends, decreasing down a group and increasing left to right.

Elemental Classification

  • Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2) tend to be less reactive and typically form compounds, losing 2 electrons.
  • Transition Metals (Groups 3-12) conduct electricity well and are less reactive than Groups 1 and 2.
  • Metalloids are found between metals and non-metals, exhibiting semi-conducting properties.

Special Groups

  • Lanthanides are shiny metals used in electronics, corresponding to atomic numbers 57-71.
  • Actinides are radioactive elements with atomic numbers 90-103, where the first four are naturally occurring.
  • Mercury is located in Group 12 of the periodic table.

General Property Definitions

  • The atomic radius measures the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms.
  • Ionization Energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom.
  • Elements arranged in the periodic table feature periodic trends with predictable changes in properties.

Group Similarities

  • Elements in the same group exhibit similar chemical properties; for example, Bromine (Br) and Chlorine (Cl) have alike properties due to having the same number of valence electrons.

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