Konsepto ng Pag-Unlad (Concept of Progress)

• The text explores the concept of development and its relationship to progress.

Konsepto ng Pag-Unlad (Concept of Progress)

• Development is a transformation from lower to higher standards of living.
• Merriam-Webster dictionary defines development as change from lower to higher standards.
• It is related to the word advancement.

Feliciano R. Fajardo's Definition

• Fajardo defines development as a progressive and active process, while progress is the result of that process.
• Development involves a process, like modern rice farming techniques.
• Progress is visible and measurable, like roads, vehicles, and buildings.
• Development should improve people's conditions by reducing poverty, unemployment, ignorance, inequality, and exploitation.

Michael P. Todaro and Stephen C. Smith's Definition

• Traditional view emphasizes development as achieving sustained increases in per capita income. This allows the nation to increase output faster than its population grows.
• Modern view states that development should represent widespread changes in the entire social system and focus on various needs.

Amartya Sen's View

• Development can only be achieved by enhancing people's lives rather than just the economy.
• Addressing lack of freedom, poverty, discrimination, inequality, and factors limiting citizens' capabilities are important.

Mga Palatandaan ng Pag-Unlad (Signs of Progress)

• Several countries like China and Malaysia are considered progressive, but progress is possible without real development.
• Foreign investors own most of the modern buildings and corporations.
• UNCTAD reported in 2012 that developing countries had more foreign investment (FDI) than developed ones for the first time.
• Foreign investments can promote faster economic growth, widespread poverty, inadequate education, and declining health levels.
• Natural resources like oil help a country's economy grow.

Factors Contributing to Economic Progress

• Natural resources, such as land, water, forests, and minerals
• A skilled and capable workforce increases a country's output.
• Capital: It is important for economic growth. The machinery in factories creates more products and services.
• Technology and innovation help to use resources more efficiently for increased production.

Issues of Progress

• It is a part of development, measuring the value of produced goods and services in a specific time.
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Product (GNP), GDP or GNP per capita, and real GDP are used. GDP or GNP are used to measure it.
• Total value does not show distribution of wealth.
• Modern equipment and skyscrapers alone do not signify comprehensive progress.
• Progress includes changes in society and people's way of life and foreign investment should benefit the masses.
• Development is a multidimensional process involving societal and institutional changes that accelerates economic growth, and reduces inequality and poverty.

Human Development Index (HDI)

• Besides GDP and GNP, the HDI measures a country's level of development.
• It measures a country’s overall ability to meet the essential aspects of human development like health, education, and standard of living.
• Life expectancy at birth indicates the years a baby is expected to live given current mortality causes.
• Mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling are used to measure education.
• UNESCO estimates mean years of schooling using data from surveys and censuses of people aged 25 and older.
• It is based on the number of students at all points of education, 18 years of are expected by UNESCO.
• Standard of living is measured using gross national income per capita.

Importance of the HDI

• The HDI was created to emphasize that a country's progress should be measured by its people and their capabilities, not just economic growth.
• The HDI attempts to rank countries from 0 (lowest) to 1 (highest) levels of human development.
• The HDI assesses national policies by comparing countries with similar GNI per capita, but different human development results.
• The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) releases a Human Development Report annually.
• The first Human Development Report was in 1990 by the UNDP, and states "People are the real wealth of a nation". Its statements and empirical data, led to the report having implications on policymaking globally.
• Mahbub ul Haq launched the Human Development Report for the UNDP in 1990.
• Haq defined that the main goal of development is to broaden people's choices on meeting their needs. These choices are infinite and changing.
• People value things not reflected by income like wider access to education, healthcare, stable livelihoods, and freedom from crime, recreation, political liberty, culture, and community involvement.
• The goal of development is to create an environment for people to have long, healthy, fulfilling lives.

Measuring Imbalances

• The Human Development Report Office (HRDO) of the UNDP uses indicators to measure imbalances.
• Inequality-adjusted HDI, Multidimensional Poverty Index, and Gender Inequality Index are used.
• Inequality-adjusted HDI identifies the distribution of income, health, and education.
• Multidimensional Poverty Index identifies household deprivations and the Gender Development Index measures the gap between men and women.
• Focus on human development improves peoples lives has shifted, and how it is truly measured only affects people’s lives.

Sama-Samang Pagkilos para sa Pambansang Kaunlaran (Collective Action for National Development)

• A country cannot progress without its citizens' help as everyone has a role in national development through personal effort or cooperation.
• An individual can alleviate impoverishment through financial management.

Mapanagutan (Accountable)

• Paying taxes correctly helps the government fund social services.
• Fighting corruption protects against anomalous activities and promotes transparency.
• Cooperatives allows individuals to participate in wealth creation, where capital is pooled from its members. Individuals benefit via dividends or stake based on cooperative profits.
• Entrepreneurship helps to control the national economy and not that of foreigners.

Makabansa (Nationalist)

• Involvement in community efforts helps in barangays, local government, and national government.
• The culture of Filipinos must support locally-made goods.

Maalam (Informed)

• Studying the programs of candidates before voting is important.
• Knowing the issues in a country to see who has the correct knowledge.
• Community members can spearhead the implementation of local progress projects.

Sektor ng Agrikultura (The Agriculture Sector)

• There are 7,100 islands making up the Philippines.
• The Philippines included as an agricultural country because of its land suitable for agricultural activity. The Philippine economy relies on the sector.
• Next to the service sector, it gives livelihoods to Filipinos as shown in the table.
• The agricultural sector is a significant part of the Philippines and relies on it. The agriculture supports the economy, with all sectors reliant on it for food and raw production materials.
• The agriculture sector includes farming, livestock, fishery, and forestry.

Paghahalaman (Farming)

• The country's main crops include rice, corn, coconut, sugar cane, banana, pineapple, coffee, mango, tobacco, and abaca.
• Products are consumed locally and internationally.
• NSCB estimates secondary sector revenues at Php797.731 billion in 2012.
• Revenues come from rice, corn, and other Philippine crops.
• Fiber production is used, including peanuts, cassava, sweet potato, garlic,onion, tomatoes, cabbage, eggplant and, guava.

Paghahayupan (Livestock)

• It is the care of the livestock such as water buffalo, cattle, goats, pigs, chicken and ducks.
• It is helpful as supply to meat and meat products.
• Livestock raising engages people in animal tending and private corporations are also are in the same sector.

Pangingisda (Fishing)

• The Philippines is largest supplier of fish in the world and has fishing ports.
• Fishing is divided into commercial, municipal, and aquaculture.
• Commercial fishing uses vessels exceeding three tons for trade.
• These operate 15 kilometers outside municipal waters.
• Municipal Fishing, conducted within 15 kilometers of town.
• Vessels use 3 tons of capacity with no vessels.
• Aquaculture involves fish farming of different types of water sources and led output at Php92,289.9 billion in 2012.
• After municipal fishing had Php79, 527.4 billion and commercial with Php65,894.2 billion.
• In fishing include shrimp and seaweed.

Paggugubat (Forestry)

• It is a main economic sector, that is continuously being made.
• Forest resources are becoming depleted after the products plywood, timber, wood, and veneer extracted from mahogany, rattan, nipa, anahaw, bamboo, honey, and almaciga resin.

Economic Uses

• Agriculture supplies food for the country’s families
• The sector provides raw materials from forest, farmlands, used for producing rubber from trees.
• Cotton is used for yarn, wood is used for furniture, leaves were used for medicine.
• An important industry is the agriculture for dollar, the exports include coconut, hop, fruits, fibers, and raw production.
• Agriculture is the industry employer: 32% of people employed in the industry are farmers and fishermen.
• Agriculture provides workers for industry from farming who want to work and can be benefitted based on the sector.
• Agriculture supplies food for the country’s families.
• The sector provides raw materials from forest, farmlands, used for producing rubber from trees.
• Cotton is used for yarn, wood is used for furniture, leaves were used for medicine.
• An important industry is the agriculture for dollar, the exports include coconut, hop, fruits, fibers, and raw production.
• Agriculture is the industry employer: 32% of people employed in the industry are farmers and fishermen.
• Agriculture provides workers for industry from farming who want to work and can be benefitted based on the sector.

Pagsasaka (Farming) - Problems

• Increasing development means reduced space for farming.
• Productivity needs to be high to feed more people.
• Forests are destroyed with habitat loss for natural habitats
• There is now an environment with technology for farming.
• Technology such as fertilizer is used for a growing population with policy needed.

Suliranin sa Sektor ng Agrikultura (Agricultural Sector Problems)

• Agriculture contributes greatly to the Philippine economy and contributed 11% for 2012.
• General contributions are less in agricultural sector than to the service sector.

Agricultural Problems

• There is not enough facilities with road infrastructure so the republic works to modernize so the farming can improve through projects.
• Inter-sector help is also the republic that aims for inter-agency corporation.
• Irrigation problems are worked by Land Bank and they also deal with loans and money.
• Some protection is given to industries that lead to less benefits.
• Foreigner's are also buying locally due to competition of WTO government products so land is made into subdivisions.
• Lastly change in climate had drastic change to lives like Typhoon Yolanda which hurt many.

Pangingisda (Fisheries) - Problems

• Commercialized fishing destroys fish and thrawl fishing leads to corals and fish dying. Even if policies are involved there is still no guards for the problem.
• Laguna de bay and Manila are seeing destruction in the form of pollution that are hurting the environment.
• With a higher citizen count the demand for food is higher to cause struggle for the Philippines.
• There is also the lack of income with farmers and local farming and no push by families to stay local so population may soon fall.

Paggugubat (Deforestation) - Problems

• The quick reduction in resources impacts production like tree logging and more. Due to that animals are dying without breeding in the woods and water is being cut off
• Water supply will be affected by the watershed, along with the erosion.

Actions to Improve Situation

• Having a relationship with the community helps fishing and government.
• Having a place in schools also helps improve our understanding of forestry.
• Society is also needed for improving local culture and more.
• All and all the citizen needs to participate in government for the success for tomorrow.