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According to the theory of Nikolai Kondratiev, what marked the beginning of a new era in the economy and industry?
According to the theory of Nikolai Kondratiev, what marked the beginning of a new era in the economy and industry?
Which innovation brought significant improvement to the textile industry during the industrial revolution?
Which innovation brought significant improvement to the textile industry during the industrial revolution?
During which period did the innovations in chemistry and electrotechnology reach their highest point?
During which period did the innovations in chemistry and electrotechnology reach their highest point?
Which innovation characterized the second contracycle according to Kondratiev's theory?
Which innovation characterized the second contracycle according to Kondratiev's theory?
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What was the age of mass motorization marked by?
What was the age of mass motorization marked by?
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Which innovation initiated the fifth long wave according to Kondratiev's theory?
Which innovation initiated the fifth long wave according to Kondratiev's theory?
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What do some critics of the theory of long waves argue?
What do some critics of the theory of long waves argue?
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What is considered a basis innovation of the sixth long wave according to some economists?
What is considered a basis innovation of the sixth long wave according to some economists?
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What is an ongoing criticism of the theory of long waves?
What is an ongoing criticism of the theory of long waves?
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What is encouraged at the end of the text?
What is encouraged at the end of the text?
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What do some scientists discuss in relation to a potential sixth wave?
What do some scientists discuss in relation to a potential sixth wave?
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What do critics point out about the theory of long waves?
What do critics point out about the theory of long waves?
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Study Notes
- A steam engine on a railway and a computer are mentioned as inventions that brought significant progress to humanity, according to the theory of Russian economist Nikolai Kondratiev.
- These inventions marked the beginning of a new era in the economy and industry. Kondratiev's theory describes how each economic cycle consists of a period of growth initiated by key innovations, followed by an economic downturn.
- The first long wave originated in Great Britain during the industrial revolution, with the steam engine being a major innovation that brought significant improvement to the textile industry.
- The second contracycle was characterized by innovations in mobility, including the development of steamships and railways, which revolutionized industrial transportation.
- The third long wave, around the turn of the 20th century, saw innovations in chemistry and electrotechnology, with the highest point occurring at the beginning of World War I.
- The fourth cycle was the age of mass motorization, marked by the expansion of the automobile industry and the rise of alternative fuels, such as air and space travel.
- The fifth long wave, beginning in the late 20th century, was initiated by the computer and paved the way for major developments in the information and communication technology industry.
- We are still in the fifth long wave, and some scientists are discussing the potential for a sixth wave, with a focus on innovations in microelectronics, biotechnology, regenerative energy, and the healthcare market.
- Some critics of the theory of long waves argue that the causes for economic upswings are presented, but not for the downturns. They also argue that the waves can be chosen arbitrarily, as there have been other innovations throughout history that could have been considered.
- According to some economists, health, in a holistic sense, is considered a basis innovation of the sixth long wave.
- The theory of long waves is generally acknowledged, but there is also ongoing criticism.
- Critics point out that the causes for economic downturns are not adequately explained, and that the waves are chosen arbitrarily, as there have been other significant innovations throughout history that could have been considered.
- The text encourages readers to share their opinions in the comments and to subscribe to their channel for more videos.
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Description
Explore the theory of long waves proposed by Russian economist Nikolai Kondratiev, which describes economic cycles initiated by key innovations, leading to periods of growth followed by economic downturns. Learn about the significant inventions that marked the beginning of new eras in the economy and industry, and the ongoing debate and criticism surrounding this theory.
