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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of RNA polymerase during transcription?
What distinguishes eukaryotic transcription from prokaryotic transcription?
What is a polycistronic transcript?
Which of the following correctly describes a consensus sequence?
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During the elongation phase of transcription, which direction is RNA synthesized?
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What term describes the opposite orientation of the two strands of DNA?
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Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA helix during replication?
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What is the main difference between leading and lagging strands in DNA replication?
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Why is an RNA primer necessary in DNA replication?
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What are replication forks?
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Which process describes the incorporation of nucleotides into a growing DNA strand?
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What is the significance of the AT-rich region in DNA replication initiation?
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In which direction does DNA polymerase synthesize new DNA strands?
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Which of the following describes the primary function of DNA polymerase III in bacterial replication?
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What is the role of the origin replication complex (ORC) in eukaryotic DNA replication?
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What is a key difference between the leading and lagging strands during DNA replication?
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What is the primary function of telomeres in eukaryotic cells?
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Which statement accurately describes the activity of DNA polymerase I in bacterial replication?
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How does the eukaryotic helicase MCM2-7 differ from bacterial helicase?
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What role does FEN-1 play in DNA replication?
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What happens to a cell that lacks telomeres?
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Study Notes
Transcription
- RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA from a DNA template
- Eukaryotic transcription occurs in the nucleus, while prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm
- A polycistronic transcript is an mRNA molecule that encodes multiple proteins
- Consensus sequence: a short sequence of nucleotides that is generally recognized by specific proteins
- During elongation, RNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction
- The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions (antiparallel)
- DNA helicase unwinds the DNA helix during replication
DNA Replication
- DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand
- The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously due to the antiparallel nature of DNA
- An RNA primer is needed to initiate DNA synthesis because DNA polymerases cannot initiate synthesis de novo
- Replication forks are Y-shaped structures that form during DNA replication
- DNA synthesis is the process of adding nucleotides to a growing DNA strand
- The AT-rich region is involved in the initiation of DNA replication
- DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction
- DNA polymerase III is the primary enzyme responsible for DNA synthesis in bacterial replication
- The ORC binds to the origin of replication and recruits other proteins to initiate DNA replication
- The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously, while the leading strand is synthesized continuously
- Telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that prevent degradation of DNA
- DNA polymerase I removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA
- MCM2-7 is a eukaryotic helicase that unwinds DNA during replication, while bacterial helicase is a single polypeptide
- FEN-1 removes RNA primers and Okazaki fragments during DNA replication
- Cells lacking telomeres experience progressive shortening of their chromosomes, leading to cellular senescence or apoptosis
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