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Questions and Answers
Which group of people played essential roles as midwives, nurses, and caregivers in Western Canada during the growth of hospitals and healthcare after 1890?
Which group of people played essential roles as midwives, nurses, and caregivers in Western Canada during the growth of hospitals and healthcare after 1890?
Who was the founder of modern nursing?
Who was the founder of modern nursing?
What did Florence Nightingale do to improve sanitation, hygiene, and nutrition during the Crimean war?
What did Florence Nightingale do to improve sanitation, hygiene, and nutrition during the Crimean war?
What was nursing initially considered suitable for during the early days?
What was nursing initially considered suitable for during the early days?
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Why is it important for your nursing education to prepare you not only for what is, but also for what might be?
Why is it important for your nursing education to prepare you not only for what is, but also for what might be?
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Why is your life story or past relevant to you?
Why is your life story or past relevant to you?
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What are some ways in which your nursing education should prepare you for what might be?
What are some ways in which your nursing education should prepare you for what might be?
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Which was the first official training school for nurses in Canada?
Which was the first official training school for nurses in Canada?
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What subjects were taught at the first nursing school in Canada?
What subjects were taught at the first nursing school in Canada?
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What did Florence Nightingale's systems for nursing education and practice focus on?
What did Florence Nightingale's systems for nursing education and practice focus on?
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What does the term 'metaparadigm' refer to in nursing?
What does the term 'metaparadigm' refer to in nursing?
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Which nursing theorist emphasized the importance of the therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients?
Which nursing theorist emphasized the importance of the therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients?
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According to Peplau's theory, what is the essence of nursing?
According to Peplau's theory, what is the essence of nursing?
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Which theorist focused on the holistic view of the client and the interaction with the environment?
Which theorist focused on the holistic view of the client and the interaction with the environment?
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Which pattern of knowing, added by Chinn & Kramer, emphasizes awareness of social problems and taking action for social change?
Which pattern of knowing, added by Chinn & Kramer, emphasizes awareness of social problems and taking action for social change?
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Which concept is linked to ontology and is unique to our individual and personal reality?
Which concept is linked to ontology and is unique to our individual and personal reality?
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Which knowing guides and directs how nurses morally behave and navigate ethical dilemmas?
Which knowing guides and directs how nurses morally behave and navigate ethical dilemmas?
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Which knowing involves an appreciation of the meaning of a situation and allows us to connect with human experiences?
Which knowing involves an appreciation of the meaning of a situation and allows us to connect with human experiences?
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Which knowing is based on the assumption that what is known is accessible through the physical senses?
Which knowing is based on the assumption that what is known is accessible through the physical senses?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of health in holistic nursing care?
Which of the following best describes the concept of health in holistic nursing care?
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What does the concept of environment/situation in nursing care encompass?
What does the concept of environment/situation in nursing care encompass?
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What is the purpose of nursing theories?
What is the purpose of nursing theories?
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What do conceptual frameworks in nursing aim to achieve?
What do conceptual frameworks in nursing aim to achieve?
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Which of the following best describes empirical knowing in nursing?
Which of the following best describes empirical knowing in nursing?
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What is the main purpose of emancipatory knowing in nursing?
What is the main purpose of emancipatory knowing in nursing?
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What is praxis in nursing?
What is praxis in nursing?
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Why is it important for nurses to engage in praxis?
Why is it important for nurses to engage in praxis?
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What do theories in nursing provide?
What do theories in nursing provide?
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How does empirical knowing contribute to nursing practice?
How does empirical knowing contribute to nursing practice?
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True or false: Empirical knowing is grounded in science and other empirically based methodologies?
True or false: Empirical knowing is grounded in science and other empirically based methodologies?
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True or false: Emancipatory knowing is the human capacity to critically reflect on the social, cultural, and political status quo?
True or false: Emancipatory knowing is the human capacity to critically reflect on the social, cultural, and political status quo?
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True or false: Emancipatory knowing calls forth action in ways that reduce or eliminate inequality and injustice?
True or false: Emancipatory knowing calls forth action in ways that reduce or eliminate inequality and injustice?
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True or false: Praxis requires a nurse to engage in processes that undo any social inequities in the healthcare environment?
True or false: Praxis requires a nurse to engage in processes that undo any social inequities in the healthcare environment?
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True or false: The five knowing patterns in nursing are empirics, ethics, aesthetics, personal knowing, and emancipatory knowing?
True or false: The five knowing patterns in nursing are empirics, ethics, aesthetics, personal knowing, and emancipatory knowing?
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True or false: The expectation is for praxis to come out of each and every nursing encounter?
True or false: The expectation is for praxis to come out of each and every nursing encounter?
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True or false: Theories in nursing solve specific and serious patient health problems?
True or false: Theories in nursing solve specific and serious patient health problems?
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True or false: Theories in nursing provide a systematic view of explaining, predicting, and describing phenomena?
True or false: Theories in nursing provide a systematic view of explaining, predicting, and describing phenomena?
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True or false: Theories in nursing provide a precise method of providing nursing care?
True or false: Theories in nursing provide a precise method of providing nursing care?
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Study Notes
History of Nursing
- Indigenous Peoples in North America had knowledge of health, healing, and herbal remedies before European settlers arrived.
- Early European settlers brought diseases that decimated Indigenous populations, who had no immunity to these new diseases.
- Religious orders, including male Jesuit priests and female nuns, provided care to settlers and Indigenous peoples, aiming to spread Christianity.
- Colonialism led to oppression, assimilation, and exploitation of Indigenous peoples, resulting in loss of culture, knowledge, and ways of life.
Florence Nightingale
- Founder of modern nursing, born in 1820, upper-class, wealthy, and educated.
- Challenged social norms by becoming a nurse, working outside the home, and triggering a shift in public attitudes towards nursing.
- Educated as a nurse in Germany in 1850, worked in England and France, and was appointed superintendent of English nurses in Turkey during the Crimean War.
- Improved sanitation, hygiene, and nutrition in hospitals, decreasing mortality rates from 42% to 2.2% in six months.
- Believed nursing was women's work, best practiced under the supervision of male physicians.
Gender and Diversity in Nursing
- Initially, nursing was considered suitable for unmarried, white, Christian women.
- Discrimination in nursing student admission, with segregation based on race, led to the exclusion of non-white, non-English speaking students, and men.
- Since the 1960s and 1970s, the profession has become more aware of the need for gender balance and social diversity in nursing.
The Role and Character of a Nurse
- Early nursing students were required to demonstrate good character, Christian conduct, and obedience to authority.
- Nursing education shifted from apprenticeship under nuns to formal medical education, with a focus on practical skills.
Evolution of Nursing Education
- The first official training school for nurses in Canada was established in 1874, with a focus on practical skills and medical education.
- Nursing education continues to evolve, with a growing emphasis on gender balance and social diversity.
Nursing Theory
- Nursing theory represents the body of knowledge used to describe or explain various aspects of nursing practice.
- Types of theory include grand nursing theories, midrange theories, and narrow theories.
- Nursing theories provide a framework for nursing interventions, guide practice, and inform research.
Nursing's Metaparadigm
- Nursing's metaparadigm includes the concepts of person, health, environment, and nursing.
- The metaparadigm framework helps to understand relationships between concepts and provides a way to organize knowledge about nursing practice.
Ways of Knowing
- Carper's (1978) "Ways of Knowing" theory includes empirics, aesthetics, personal knowledge, ethics, and emancipatory knowing.
- Chinn and Kramer's (2022) "Knowledge Development in Nursing" is based on Carper's theory.
- Ways of knowing are important for nursing practice, as they inform our understanding of the world and our role in it.
Personal Knowing
- Personal knowing involves self-awareness, reflection, and understanding of one's own biases and values.
- It develops from interactions and relationships and is essential for building therapeutic relationships.
Ethical Knowing
- Ethical knowing involves making moment-to-moment judgments about what is good and right.
- It goes beyond knowledge of ethical codes and involves exploring alternatives and experiencing moral distress.
Aesthetic Knowing
- Aesthetic knowing involves an appreciation of the meaning of a situation and allows us to connect with human experiences.
- It is expressed through actions, conduct, attitudes, and interventions, and entails drawing on experiences in health and illness.### Aesthetic Knowing
- Aesthetic knowledge involves grasping the meaning of an encounter and establishing a connection with others, which is fundamental to knowing how to connect.
- This type of knowing is unique to each individual and situation, and is often spontaneous, intuitive, and in the moment.
- It helps us deal with unique and unpredictable circumstances and grow through reflection.
Aesthetic Knowing Example
- Presley uses aesthetic knowing to remove casts from children in a way that minimizes distress, by understanding the child's perspective and using distraction and humor.
Empirical Ways of Knowing
- Empirical knowledge is based on the assumption that knowledge can be accessed through physical senses, particularly seeing, touching, and hearing.
- It is grounded in science and empirically based methodologies, such as logical reasoning, systematic methods, and testing hypotheses.
- Empirical knowledge assumes that an objective reality exists, and that truths can be understood through verifiable observations and understandings.
Empirical Ways of Knowing Example
- Chelsea, a new graduate nurse, uses empirical knowing by reviewing procedures, important considerations, and hospital policy on catheter insertion before completing the skill.
Emancipatory Knowing
- Emancipatory knowing is the ability to be aware of and critically reflect on the social, cultural, and political status quo, and to determine how and why it came to be.
- It involves examining relations of power, dominance, oppression, marginalization, and racialization, and identifying barriers to health and well-being.
Emancipatory Knowing Importance
- Emancipatory knowing is important in nursing because it helps identify barriers to health and well-being, determines factors causing and sustaining injustices, and enables nurses to see and "know" in various ways.
Praxis
- Praxis involves integrating the five knowing patterns (empirics, ethics, aesthetics, personal knowing, and emancipatory knowing) to support social justice.
- It requires nurses to move beyond just practicing tasks and engage in processes that undo social inequities in the healthcare environment.
- The goal is to raise awareness of injustices, reflect on situations, and act to improve them whenever possible.
Practice Question
- Theories in nursing are important because they provide a systematic view of explaining, predicting, and describing phenomena.
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Description
Test your understanding of the relationship between "knowing" and critical thinking. Explore the concept of personal knowing and its impact on self-awareness, biases, values, and behavior. Discover how your unique perspective shapes your ability to think critically.
