Theoretical Foundations & Ways of Knowing
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Questions and Answers

Which group of people played essential roles as midwives, nurses, and caregivers in Western Canada during the growth of hospitals and healthcare after 1890?

  • Indigenous peoples (correct)
  • Religious orders
  • White settlers
  • European settlers

    • Who was the founder of modern nursing?

  • Indigenous peoples
  • European settlers
  • Religious orders
  • Florence Nightingale (correct)

    • What did Florence Nightingale do to improve sanitation, hygiene, and nutrition during the Crimean war?

  • Trained nursing students
  • Converted Indigenous peoples to Christianity
  • Collected data to support her ideas (correct)
  • Provided care to settlers in Western Canada

    • What was nursing initially considered suitable for during the early days?

    <p>Unmarried, white, Christian women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for your nursing education to prepare you not only for what is, but also for what might be?

    <p>To stay up-to-date with changing social and political trends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is your life story or past relevant to you?

    <p>To provide context for your nursing education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some ways in which your nursing education should prepare you for what might be?

    <p>By tracking changing social and political trends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which was the first official training school for nurses in Canada?

    <p>Mack Training School for Nurses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What subjects were taught at the first nursing school in Canada?

    <p>Chemistry, sanitary science, physiology, anatomy and hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Florence Nightingale's systems for nursing education and practice focus on?

    <p>Patients and environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'metaparadigm' refer to in nursing?

    <p>A global way a professional discipline looks at the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nursing theorist emphasized the importance of the therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients?

    <p>Hildegard Peplau</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Peplau's theory, what is the essence of nursing?

    <p>Being present and aware in the nurse-patient relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist focused on the holistic view of the client and the interaction with the environment?

    <p>Martha Rogers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pattern of knowing, added by Chinn & Kramer, emphasizes awareness of social problems and taking action for social change?

    <p>Emancipatory knowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is linked to ontology and is unique to our individual and personal reality?

    <p>Personal knowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which knowing guides and directs how nurses morally behave and navigate ethical dilemmas?

    <p>Ethical knowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which knowing involves an appreciation of the meaning of a situation and allows us to connect with human experiences?

    <p>Aesthetic knowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which knowing is based on the assumption that what is known is accessible through the physical senses?

    <p>Empirical knowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of health in holistic nursing care?

    <p>The intended outcome of nursing care to improve the health of individuals and society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of environment/situation in nursing care encompass?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of nursing theories?

    <p>To describe or explain various aspects or phenomena found in nursing practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do conceptual frameworks in nursing aim to achieve?

    <p>To understand individual patient situations within the larger context of available options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes empirical knowing in nursing?

    <p>The capacity to be aware of and understand phenomena through observations and verifiable evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of emancipatory knowing in nursing?

    <p>A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is praxis in nursing?

    <p>The integration of empirics, ethics, aesthetics, personal knowing, and emancipatory knowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for nurses to engage in praxis?

    <p>To improve situations of injustice and raise awareness of injustices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do theories in nursing provide?

    <p>A systematic view of explaining, predicting, and describing phenomena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does empirical knowing contribute to nursing practice?

    <p>By using logical reasoning and systematic methods to understand objective reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Empirical knowing is grounded in science and other empirically based methodologies?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Emancipatory knowing is the human capacity to critically reflect on the social, cultural, and political status quo?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Emancipatory knowing calls forth action in ways that reduce or eliminate inequality and injustice?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Praxis requires a nurse to engage in processes that undo any social inequities in the healthcare environment?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The five knowing patterns in nursing are empirics, ethics, aesthetics, personal knowing, and emancipatory knowing?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The expectation is for praxis to come out of each and every nursing encounter?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Theories in nursing solve specific and serious patient health problems?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Theories in nursing provide a systematic view of explaining, predicting, and describing phenomena?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Theories in nursing provide a precise method of providing nursing care?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    History of Nursing

    • Indigenous Peoples in North America had knowledge of health, healing, and herbal remedies before European settlers arrived.
    • Early European settlers brought diseases that decimated Indigenous populations, who had no immunity to these new diseases.
    • Religious orders, including male Jesuit priests and female nuns, provided care to settlers and Indigenous peoples, aiming to spread Christianity.
    • Colonialism led to oppression, assimilation, and exploitation of Indigenous peoples, resulting in loss of culture, knowledge, and ways of life.

    Florence Nightingale

    • Founder of modern nursing, born in 1820, upper-class, wealthy, and educated.
    • Challenged social norms by becoming a nurse, working outside the home, and triggering a shift in public attitudes towards nursing.
    • Educated as a nurse in Germany in 1850, worked in England and France, and was appointed superintendent of English nurses in Turkey during the Crimean War.
    • Improved sanitation, hygiene, and nutrition in hospitals, decreasing mortality rates from 42% to 2.2% in six months.
    • Believed nursing was women's work, best practiced under the supervision of male physicians.

    Gender and Diversity in Nursing

    • Initially, nursing was considered suitable for unmarried, white, Christian women.
    • Discrimination in nursing student admission, with segregation based on race, led to the exclusion of non-white, non-English speaking students, and men.
    • Since the 1960s and 1970s, the profession has become more aware of the need for gender balance and social diversity in nursing.

    The Role and Character of a Nurse

    • Early nursing students were required to demonstrate good character, Christian conduct, and obedience to authority.
    • Nursing education shifted from apprenticeship under nuns to formal medical education, with a focus on practical skills.

    Evolution of Nursing Education

    • The first official training school for nurses in Canada was established in 1874, with a focus on practical skills and medical education.
    • Nursing education continues to evolve, with a growing emphasis on gender balance and social diversity.

    Nursing Theory

    • Nursing theory represents the body of knowledge used to describe or explain various aspects of nursing practice.
    • Types of theory include grand nursing theories, midrange theories, and narrow theories.
    • Nursing theories provide a framework for nursing interventions, guide practice, and inform research.

    Nursing's Metaparadigm

    • Nursing's metaparadigm includes the concepts of person, health, environment, and nursing.
    • The metaparadigm framework helps to understand relationships between concepts and provides a way to organize knowledge about nursing practice.

    Ways of Knowing

    • Carper's (1978) "Ways of Knowing" theory includes empirics, aesthetics, personal knowledge, ethics, and emancipatory knowing.
    • Chinn and Kramer's (2022) "Knowledge Development in Nursing" is based on Carper's theory.
    • Ways of knowing are important for nursing practice, as they inform our understanding of the world and our role in it.

    Personal Knowing

    • Personal knowing involves self-awareness, reflection, and understanding of one's own biases and values.
    • It develops from interactions and relationships and is essential for building therapeutic relationships.

    Ethical Knowing

    • Ethical knowing involves making moment-to-moment judgments about what is good and right.
    • It goes beyond knowledge of ethical codes and involves exploring alternatives and experiencing moral distress.

    Aesthetic Knowing

    • Aesthetic knowing involves an appreciation of the meaning of a situation and allows us to connect with human experiences.
    • It is expressed through actions, conduct, attitudes, and interventions, and entails drawing on experiences in health and illness.### Aesthetic Knowing
    • Aesthetic knowledge involves grasping the meaning of an encounter and establishing a connection with others, which is fundamental to knowing how to connect.
    • This type of knowing is unique to each individual and situation, and is often spontaneous, intuitive, and in the moment.
    • It helps us deal with unique and unpredictable circumstances and grow through reflection.

    Aesthetic Knowing Example

    • Presley uses aesthetic knowing to remove casts from children in a way that minimizes distress, by understanding the child's perspective and using distraction and humor.

    Empirical Ways of Knowing

    • Empirical knowledge is based on the assumption that knowledge can be accessed through physical senses, particularly seeing, touching, and hearing.
    • It is grounded in science and empirically based methodologies, such as logical reasoning, systematic methods, and testing hypotheses.
    • Empirical knowledge assumes that an objective reality exists, and that truths can be understood through verifiable observations and understandings.

    Empirical Ways of Knowing Example

    • Chelsea, a new graduate nurse, uses empirical knowing by reviewing procedures, important considerations, and hospital policy on catheter insertion before completing the skill.

    Emancipatory Knowing

    • Emancipatory knowing is the ability to be aware of and critically reflect on the social, cultural, and political status quo, and to determine how and why it came to be.
    • It involves examining relations of power, dominance, oppression, marginalization, and racialization, and identifying barriers to health and well-being.

    Emancipatory Knowing Importance

    • Emancipatory knowing is important in nursing because it helps identify barriers to health and well-being, determines factors causing and sustaining injustices, and enables nurses to see and "know" in various ways.

    Praxis

    • Praxis involves integrating the five knowing patterns (empirics, ethics, aesthetics, personal knowing, and emancipatory knowing) to support social justice.
    • It requires nurses to move beyond just practicing tasks and engage in processes that undo social inequities in the healthcare environment.
    • The goal is to raise awareness of injustices, reflect on situations, and act to improve them whenever possible.

    Practice Question

    • Theories in nursing are important because they provide a systematic view of explaining, predicting, and describing phenomena.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of the relationship between "knowing" and critical thinking. Explore the concept of personal knowing and its impact on self-awareness, biases, values, and behavior. Discover how your unique perspective shapes your ability to think critically.

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