L3 Knee
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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the joint that connects the tibia and femur?

Tibiofemoral joint

What is the bony landmark located at the distal end of the femur?

Medial and lateral condyles

What is the name of the bony landmark on the tibia which connects to the patellar ligament?

Tibial tuberosity

What is the name of the structure that helps to cushion between the patellar ligament and the anterior surface of the tibia?

<p>Infrapatellar fat pad</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is not a part of the knee joint complex?

<p>Superior tibiofibular articulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that helps to deepen the groove between the femoral condyles?

<p>Medial and lateral menisci</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament prevents hyperextension of the knee?

<p>Anterior cruciate ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure usually drains into the popliteal vein?

<p>Perforating veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following forms the superomedial border of the popliteal fossa?

<p>Semitendinosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nerve branches off the sciatic nerve and runs along the biceps femoris tendon?

<p>Common fibular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the popliteal artery located in relation to the popliteal vein?

<p>Deep and anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arteries is NOT part of the genicular anastomosis around the knee?

<p>Anterior tibial artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition involves an outpouching of the synovial membrane through the posterior knee joint capsule?

<p>Popliteal (Baker's) cyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship of the femoral artery and vein in the adductor canal?

<p>Femoral artery is anterior to the femoral vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common pathology can develop in the popliteal vein in the lower limbs?

<p>Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is a part of the knee joint capsule?

<p>Medial retinaculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the menisci in the knee joint?

<p>Bearing weight and absorbing shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two ligaments strengthen the posterior capsule of the knee joint?

<p>Oblique popliteal ligament and arcuate popliteal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bony landmarks is NOT found on the distal femur?

<p>Trochlear notch</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature differentiates the lateral meniscus from the medial meniscus?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the suprapatellar pouch extend in relation to the quadriceps tendon?

<p>Deep to it</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament arches over the popliteus muscle/tendon?

<p>Arcuate popliteal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical range of normal synovial fluid volume in the knee joint?

<p>0.5 - 4.0 cc</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following articulations is part of the knee joint complex?

<p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle group primarily attaches in the knee region?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the iliotibial tract in the knee region?

<p>Stabilizing the femur during lateral movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the tibial plateau?

<p>It consists of medial and lateral tibial condyles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical area of the knee is known as the popliteal fossa?

<p>The area behind the knee</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intercondylar notch associated with?

<p>Attachment of cruciate ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a meniscus is removed?

<p>The body weight is borne on a smaller area of articular cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the meniscus has a blood supply?

<p>Outer edge</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)?

<p>To prevent hyperextension of the knee.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is tested using a valgus stress test?

<p>Medial collateral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the varus stress test assess?

<p>The integrity of the lateral collateral ligament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the medial collateral ligament?

<p>To attach the deep fibers to the medial meniscus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the knee is flexed to 90 degrees and non-weight bearing, how can the tibia rotate?

<p>Both medially and laterally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Q angle associated with?

<p>Alignment of the patella with respect to the femur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern when the inner portion of the meniscus is torn?

<p>Poor chance of healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the lateral collateral ligament differ in its attachment compared to the medial collateral ligament?

<p>Does not attach to the lateral meniscus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a PCL tear typically result in?

<p>The sag sign.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance aids in cushioning between the patellar ligament and tibia?

<p>Infrapatellar fat pad.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a condition of knee misalignment characterized by outward angling of the knee?

<p>Genu varum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure provides stability to the knee joint throughout its range of motion?

<p>Cruciate ligaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure typically drains into the popliteal vein?

<p>Deep venous system of the leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms the inferomedial border of the popliteal fossa?

<p>Medial head of gastrocnemius</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve branches off the sciatic nerve and runs along the midline?

<p>Tibial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct position of the popliteal artery in relation to the popliteal vein?

<p>Anterior and deep to the vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by blood clots developing in the popliteal vein?

<p>Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature serves as the floor of the popliteal fossa?

<p>Distal femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve runs laterally in the popliteal fossa?

<p>Common fibular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from the removal of a meniscus?

<p>Premature destruction of articular cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the meniscus is supplied with blood?

<p>Outer edge</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of a tear in the medial collateral ligament?

<p>Damage to the medial meniscus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments ensure stability during movement of the femur?

<p>Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure is attached to the inner surface of the medial collateral ligament?

<p>Medial meniscus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a positive sag sign?

<p>Tear of the posterior cruciate ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the tibia when the knee is flexed to 90 degrees and non-weight-bearing?

<p>It rotates medially and laterally</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms refers to inward knee angling?

<p>Genu valgum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the lateral collateral ligament?

<p>It does not attach to the lateral meniscus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure provides cushioning between the patellar ligament and the anterior surface of the tibia?

<p>Infrapatellar fat pad</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an excessive Q angle contribute to?

<p>Patellar dislocation risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from degeneration of cartilage in the knee?

<p>Total knee arthroplasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is primarily responsible for preventing hyperextension of the knee?

<p>Anterior cruciate ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure provides a cushion between the femoral condyles and transfers weight in the knee joint?

<p>Menisci</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is formed by part of the semimembranosus tendon and strengthens the posterior capsule?

<p>Oblique popliteal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the patellar articular surface of the femur?

<p>It articulates with the posterior surface of the patella.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the iliotibial tract in the knee region?

<p>Stabilization of the knee</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the knee joint capsule?

<p>Menisci</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the lateral meniscus from the medial meniscus?

<p>Rounded and smaller</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the popliteal fossa?

<p>Its contents include the tibial nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which boundary is NOT a part of the popliteal fossa?

<p>Rectus femoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal volume range of synovial fluid in the knee joint?

<p>0.5 – 4.0 cc</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is NOT typically included in the genicular anastomosis around the knee?

<p>Fibular artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the retinacula play in the knee?

<p>Reinforce joint capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the cruciate ligaments in the knee joint?

<p>Facilitate rotation of the tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bony landmarks are found on the distal femur?

<p>Medial and lateral epicondyles, adductor tubercle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure supports the stability of the knee joint during weight-bearing activities?

<p>Menisci</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Knee Joint and Popliteal Region

  • Learning Objectives: Students will be able to identify important bony landmarks of the knee, structures of the knee joint capsule (ligaments, menisci, bursae), muscles attaching to the knee, and boundaries/contents of the popliteal fossa.

Knee Joints - Anterior

  • Articulations: Patellofemoral and tibiofemoral.
  • Medial Structures: Medial epicondyle, medial femoral condyle, medial tibial condyle, tibial tuberosity.
  • Lateral Structures: Lateral epicondyle, lateral femoral condyle, lateral tibial condyle, head of fibula, tibial plateau.
  • Patella: A sesamoid bone within the patellofemoral joint.
  • Superior Tibiofibular Articulation: Not part of the knee joint complex.

Knee Joints - Lateral

  • Articulations: Patellofemoral and tibiofemoral.
  • Lateral femoral condyle: Part of femur's distal end.
  • Head of fibula: Bony structure of the lower leg.
  • Lateral tibial condyle: Tibia's distal end.

Distal Femur - Anterior

  • Medial and lateral condyles: Rounded portions of the distal femur articulating with the tibia.
  • Medial and lateral epicondyles: Protrusions lateral to the condyles.
  • Adductor tubercle: Prominent projection on the medial epicondyle.
  • Patellar articular surface (trochlea): Smooth grooved area articulating with the patella.

Distal Femur - Posterior

  • Medial and lateral condyles: Rounded projections of the distal femur, articulating with the tibia.
  • Medial and lateral epicondyles: Projections on the posterior aspect of the distal femur.
  • Intercondylar notch: Located between the condyles.
  • Adductor tubercle: Prominent projection on the medial epicondyle.

Distal Femur

  • Patellar and tibial surfaces are separate: The patellar surface of the femur and the tibial surfaces are individual.

Patella - Posterior

  • Posterior surface: Articulates with the anterior surface of the femur (trochlea).
  • Apex: The pointed end of the patella.

Proximal Tibia - Superior

  • Lateral and medial condyles: Rounded projections of the proximal tibia.
  • Tibial tuberosity: Prominent ridge on the anterior aspect of the tibia.
  • Intercondylar eminences: Between condyles

Knee Radiology

  • Find: Medial and lateral femoral condyles, medial and lateral femoral epicondyles, intercondylar groove on femur, patella, medial and lateral tibial condyles, tibial tuberosity, tibial plateau, intercondylar eminences, and head of fibula.
  • Sunrise view: Common X-ray radiographic image of the knee.

Knee Joint Capsule

  • Anterior: Medial and lateral retinaculum reinforce joint capsule, medial and lateral to the patellar ligament.
  • Posterior: Strengthened by the oblique and arcuate popliteal ligaments, formed by part of the semimembranosus tendon and arches over the popliteus muscle/tendon.

Knee Joint Capsule - Lateral

  • Iliotibial Tract (Band): Attaches to the distal femur, patella, and lateral tibial tubercle. Blends with knee joint capsule at the lateral retinaculum.
  • Gerdy's tubercle: Also known as the lateral tibial tubercle.

Knee Joint - Synovial Cavity

  • Suprapatellar pouch (bursa): A part of the synovial cavity extending from the proximal extension synovial cavity, lies deep to the quadriceps tendon.

Synovial Membrane - Tibial Attachment

  • Cruciate ligaments: Attach to the articular (intercondylar) region.
  • Menisci: Attach to the intercondylar region.

Menisci

  • Medial meniscus: Oval-shaped, larger, and narrower.
  • Lateral meniscus: Rounder and smaller, wider.
  • Weight-bearing: The menisci bear weight transferred from the femoral condyles. Their removal subjects a smaller cartilage area to bearing weight leading to cartilage damage.
  • Blood supply: Only the outer edges of the menisci receive blood supply, while the inner parts lack blood supply, leading to limited healing potential if the inner parts are damaged.

Infrapatellar Fat Pad

  • Cushion: Between the patellar ligament and anterior surface of the tibia.

Collateral Ligaments -Cruciate Ligaments

  • Anterior: Medial and lateral collateral, anterior cruciate.
  • Posterior: Medial and lateral collateral, posterior cruciate.

Cruciate Ligaments - Function

  • ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament): Prevents hyperextension of the knee.
  • PCL (Posterior Cruciate Ligament): Provides stability to the knee throughout the range of motion (ROM).

Cruciate Ligament Tears

  • ACL tear: Excessive anterior protrusion of the tibia (beneath patella), often diagnosed through an anterior/posterior drawer test.
  • PCL tear: Associated with posterior movements.

Other Knee Joint Structures

  • Include various ligaments, tissues, Bursas, including infrapatellar and prepatellar bursae, infrapatellar fat pad, and various ligaments.

Patellofemoral Joint Forces

-Forces and their relationship to the angle of knee flexion.

Knee Joint Rotation

  • Rotations occur with knee flexion to 90°.
  • Medial hamstrings medially rotate, biceps femoris laterally rotates.

Q Angle

  • Angle: Between vertical line through patella and line parallel to the shaft of the femur.
  • ASIS: Used as a landmark to calculate the Q angle.
  • Excessive Q angle: Contributes to lateral patellar dislocation.

Tibiofemoral Joint

  • Genu valgum (bowlegs): Tibia angled laterally.
  • Genu varum (knock knees): Tibia angled medially.

Degenerative Arthritis of the Knee

  • Osteoarthritis (OA): A degenerative joint disease impacting knee structure.
  • Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA): A surgical knee replacement treatment option used for severe OA.

Popliteal Fossa

  • Borders: Superomedial (semitendinosus, semimembranosus), superolateral (biceps femoris), inferomedial (medial head of gastrocnemius, plantaris), inferolateral (lateral head of gastrocnemius, plantaris).
  • Floor: Distal femur.
  • Roof: Popliteal fascia.
  • Contents: Superficial (sciatic nerve branches, popliteal vein, popliteal artery), and deep (popliteal lymph nodes, fat).

Sciatic Nerve

  • Splits into tibial and common fibular nerves.
  • Tibial nerve midline, common fibular nerve lateral to biceps femoris tendon.

Femoral Artery

  • Femoral artery is anterior to femoral vein in adductor canal, more superficial.
  • Relationships maintained through adductor hiatus to popliteal fossa; artery still anterior to vein, but deep.
  • Tibial nerve is superficial to vessels.

Genicular Anastomosis

  • Supplies knee joint and surrounding tissues through superior medial genicular artery, superior lateral genicular artery, inferior medial genicular artery, inferior lateral genicular artery, and middle genicular artery.

Popliteal Region Pathology

  • Baker's cyst: Outpouching of synovial membrane.
  • Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): Blood clot in popliteal vein.

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L3 Knee PDF - Knee Anatomy Lecture Notes

Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the knee joint and popliteal region. This quiz focuses on bony landmarks, ligaments, menisci, and related muscular structures. Perfect for students studying human anatomy and joint mechanics.

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