Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which ligament provides strength to the posterior capsule of the knee joint?
Which ligament provides strength to the posterior capsule of the knee joint?
What shape does the arcuate popliteal ligament form as it connects to the tibial intercondylar area?
What shape does the arcuate popliteal ligament form as it connects to the tibial intercondylar area?
What is the primary role of the patella in the human body?
What is the primary role of the patella in the human body?
Which structures primarily stabilize the patella in its position?
Which structures primarily stabilize the patella in its position?
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Which group accurately categorizes muscles acting solely at the knee?
Which group accurately categorizes muscles acting solely at the knee?
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What type of cartilage is found on the deep side of the patella?
What type of cartilage is found on the deep side of the patella?
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Which of the following structures is not considered part of the knee joint capsule?
Which of the following structures is not considered part of the knee joint capsule?
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Which ligaments are included in the anterior and posterior structures of the knee?
Which ligaments are included in the anterior and posterior structures of the knee?
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Which artery is NOT a direct branch related to the knee and its surrounding structures?
Which artery is NOT a direct branch related to the knee and its surrounding structures?
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What is the primary function of the knee during gait?
What is the primary function of the knee during gait?
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Which of the following conditions is characterized by 'knock knees'?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by 'knock knees'?
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Which of the following veins does NOT drain into the popliteal vein?
Which of the following veins does NOT drain into the popliteal vein?
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In relation to the pes anserinus bursa, which of the following tendons is the most posterior?
In relation to the pes anserinus bursa, which of the following tendons is the most posterior?
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What is the primary motion of the knee joint during activities involving open and closed kinetic chains?
What is the primary motion of the knee joint during activities involving open and closed kinetic chains?
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Which of the following describes an abnormal patellar position leading to chondromalacia patellae?
Which of the following describes an abnormal patellar position leading to chondromalacia patellae?
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What is the primary role of the popliteal nodes in relation to the knee?
What is the primary role of the popliteal nodes in relation to the knee?
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What is a characteristic feature of Baker's cyst?
What is a characteristic feature of Baker's cyst?
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Which test is recognized as more sensitive for detecting ACL injuries?
Which test is recognized as more sensitive for detecting ACL injuries?
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In conducting the Lachman test, what indicates a complete rupture of the ACL?
In conducting the Lachman test, what indicates a complete rupture of the ACL?
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During the anterior drawer test, what is being assessed?
During the anterior drawer test, what is being assessed?
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What is a key consideration when performing the posterior drawer test?
What is a key consideration when performing the posterior drawer test?
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Which muscle primarily functions to unlock a straight knee by externally rotating the femur?
Which muscle primarily functions to unlock a straight knee by externally rotating the femur?
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What is the role of the vastus medialis at the knee joint?
What is the role of the vastus medialis at the knee joint?
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What is the primary function of the menisci in the knee joint?
What is the primary function of the menisci in the knee joint?
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Which artery does NOT contribute directly to the anastomosis around the knee?
Which artery does NOT contribute directly to the anastomosis around the knee?
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Which statement accurately describes the stability of the knee joint?
Which statement accurately describes the stability of the knee joint?
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The knee locking mechanism is primarily controlled by which action during extension?
The knee locking mechanism is primarily controlled by which action during extension?
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What type of joint is the knee classified as?
What type of joint is the knee classified as?
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Which nerve is primarily responsible for innervating the popliteus muscle?
Which nerve is primarily responsible for innervating the popliteus muscle?
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What role do the ligaments in the knee play?
What role do the ligaments in the knee play?
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Which of the following muscles is NOT considered a flexor of the knee?
Which of the following muscles is NOT considered a flexor of the knee?
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Which of the following correctly identifies the components of a synovial joint?
Which of the following correctly identifies the components of a synovial joint?
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Which of these actions does the gastrocnemius muscle perform at the knee?
Which of these actions does the gastrocnemius muscle perform at the knee?
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Which structure aids in the lubrication of the knee joint?
Which structure aids in the lubrication of the knee joint?
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Which of the following options includes only flexors of the knee?
Which of the following options includes only flexors of the knee?
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What is the function of hyaline cartilage in the knee?
What is the function of hyaline cartilage in the knee?
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Which joint is NOT part of the knee?
Which joint is NOT part of the knee?
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What is the primary function of the anterior cruciate ligament?
What is the primary function of the anterior cruciate ligament?
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How do the medial and lateral coronary ligaments contribute to knee stability?
How do the medial and lateral coronary ligaments contribute to knee stability?
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Which ligament prevents hyperextension of the knee?
Which ligament prevents hyperextension of the knee?
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What structural adaptation allows the joint capsule to accommodate free movement in certain directions?
What structural adaptation allows the joint capsule to accommodate free movement in certain directions?
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Which ligament is responsible for providing medial stability to the knee joint?
Which ligament is responsible for providing medial stability to the knee joint?
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What is the role of the patella ligament in the knee?
What is the role of the patella ligament in the knee?
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Which of the following ligaments does NOT attach to the lateral meniscus?
Which of the following ligaments does NOT attach to the lateral meniscus?
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Which ligament serves to join the anterior horns of the medial and lateral menisci?
Which ligament serves to join the anterior horns of the medial and lateral menisci?
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Study Notes
Knee Joint Overview
- The knee is the largest synovial joint in the body.
- It's a modified hinge joint, diarthroidal, and synovial.
- It's remarkably stable, even though the joint surfaces aren't perfectly congruent.
- Stability is maintained through passive and dynamic structures around the knee and the locking mechanism.
- The knee has two separate joints: the tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral joint.
Synovial Joint Structure
- A freely moving joint.
- Surrounded by a fibrous capsule and synovial membrane.
- Synovial membrane secretes fluid to lubricate the joint.
- Ends of bones are covered with hyaline cartilage.
- A joint cavity lies between the bones.
- Some joints have fibrocartilage pads (menisci) between bone ends.
- Ligaments, fatty pads, and bursae are also components.
Knee Bones
- Femur
- Tibia
- Patella
Knee Cartilage
- Hyaline cartilage: Covers bone ends; absorbs and redistributes force.
- Fibrocartilage (menisci): C-shaped wedges where bone ends meet. Medial meniscus is larger than lateral. It protects and stabilises the knee and helps lubricate the joint.
Knee Ligaments
- Intracapsular: ACL, PCL, Transverse ligament, and cruciate ligaments
- Extracapsular: Patellar ligament, MCL, LCL, oblique popliteal, and arcuate popliteal.
- Ligaments hold bones together and allow for free motion in some directions and prevent motion in others.
- Joint capsule surrounds the joint; thick and strong at sides; thinner anteriorly and posteriorly.
- The capsule is continuous with the periosteum; contains small vascular structures and nerves.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
- Originates from anterior tibial intercondylar area to posterolateral femoral intercondylar notch.
- Stops tibia from moving forward in relation to femur; controls rotation during pivoting.
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
- Originates from posterior tibial intercondylar area to anteromedial femoral intercondylar notch.
- Stops tibia from sliding back on femur, controls hyperextension, and rotation.
Transverse Ligament
- Joins the anterior horns of the medial and lateral menisci.
- Prevents menisci movement.
Medial and Lateral Coronary Ligaments
- Fibres of joint capsule around base of medial and lateral menisci.
- Fix menisci to tibial plateau.
Patellar Ligament
- Attaches patella to tibial tuberosity.
- Contributes to knee extension with quadriceps activation.
- Supports anterior knee stability.
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
- Originates from medial epicondyle of femur; attaches to anteromedial tibial condyle and medial meniscus.
- A broad strong band of tissue, providing medial stability.
Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)
- Originates from lateral epicondyle of femur; attaches to head of fibula.
- Thinner cord-like structure; provides lateral stability.
Oblique Popliteal Ligament
- Originates from the semimembranosus tendon; attaches to posterior joint capsule.
- Strengthens posterior capsule.
Arcuate Popliteal Ligament
- Originates from posterior head of fibula; Y-shaped fan to tibial intercondylar area; passes over popliteus tendon.
- Strengthens posterolateral area of joint capsule.
Knee Muscles (Groups)
- Extensors (of knee): Rectus femoris, gluteus Maximus/tensor fascia lata (via iliotibial band);
- Flexors (of the knee): biceps femoris (long head) semimembranosus, semitendonosus, sartorius, gracilis.
- Extensors (of the knee only): vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius.
- Flexors (of knee only): biceps femoris (short head)
- Popliteus: Unique muscle (origin- posterior tibia, insertion- femoral epicondyle), unlocking knee by externally rotating femur.
Nerve Supply and Cutaneous Innervation
- Motor nerves: femoral, tibial, common peroneal, obturator.
- Cutaneous nerves: saphenous, femoral cutaneous (medial, intermediate, and posterior), lateral cutaneous calf, and some obturator.
Knee Vascular Structures
- 8 arteries; arise from 4 main arteries (anastomosis around knee).
- Arteries from the popliteal: superior lateral genicular, superior medial genicular, inferior lateral genicular, inferior medial genicular.
- Arteries from the tibial: anterior tibial recurrent, posterior tibial recurrent.
- Arteries from the femoral: descending genicular, lateral circumflex genicular.
Knee Veins
- Companions to arteries, drain blood from the area.
- Drain into the popliteal vein.
- Posterior tibial, anterior tibial, small/long saphenous veins are part of the draining network.
Knee Lymphatics
- 6–7 popliteal nodes embedded in fatty tissue in popliteal fossa.
- Drain proximally to deep inguinal nodes.
Knee Joint Motion
- Predominantly flexion and extension, with these motions occurring in both open and closed kinetic chains.
- Some medial and lateral rotation is associated with knee locking mechanisms.
Abnormal Knee Positions
- Sagittal plane: genu recurvatum (hyperextension), genu valgum (bow legs), genu varum (knock knees).
- Frontal plane: Genu valgum (knock knees)
- Transverse plane: squinting patellae
Patellofemoral Joint
- Articulations between patella and femur.
- Patella is largest sesamoid in the body.
- Within quadriceps tendon group, held in position by vasti and retinacula.
- Patella cartilage on deep side and femur joint surfaces.
Patellofemoral Joint Clinical Presentation
- Issues include lateral tracking, weakness of VMO (vastus medialis oblique) muscle, resulting in patellar tilt, rotation, and displacement; clinical syndrome is termed chondromalacia patellae.
Knee Examination Techniques
- Observation: Adequately expose both knees, using correct exam tables; evaluate posture, Baker's cysts, synovial membrane protrusion.
- Palpation: Assessing tenderness, warmth, tight retinacula, active movement (with quadriceps), apprehension test.
- Clinical testing: anterior and posterior drawer signs, Lachman test, Apley's compression (meniscus).
Knee Joint Examination Summary
- Comprehensive assessments involve identifying and evaluating normal and abnormal knee structures, postures, movement patterns, and any associated symptoms during physical activity.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the knee joint, including ligaments, cartilage, and the role of the patella. This quiz covers various structures associated with the knee and their functions. Ideal for students studying anatomy or related medical fields.
