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Questions and Answers
What is the primary difference between culture and society?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'nurture'?
Which characteristic of culture refers to its ability to evolve and change over time?
What does cultural integration imply?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a taboo?
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What is the term used to describe a small cultural group that differs in some way from the larger culture?
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What is the process called when a dominant culture absorbs subcultural and countercultural groups?
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Which concept involves judging other cultures against the standards of one's own culture?
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What is the term used to describe a culture that respects and values cultural variations?
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What is the term used to describe a group that rejects the norms and values of a dominant culture?
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Study Notes
Law Violation Consequences
- Violating the law can lead to reprimands, fines, or incarceration.
- Common taboos include abortion, addiction, cannibalism, offensive language, and slavery.
Culture vs. Society
- Society is a group of people interacting and sharing a common culture.
- Culture comprises beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics specific to a group.
Origins of Culture
- Culture's origins can be debated as biological (nature) or societal (nurture).
- Nature refers to innate qualities and traits determined by genetics.
- Nurture encompasses personal experiences and upbringing.
Cultural Change
- Culture is learned through families, peers, institutions, and media.
- It is shared among group members and constructed through symbols that impart meaning.
- Integrated culture requires understanding all aspects, with changes arising from discoveries, inventions, and borrowings.
- Cultural diversity creates different groups within society.
Subcultures and Countercultures
- Subcultures exist within larger cultures but differ in specific ways (e.g., heavy metal music fans, tattoo enthusiasts).
- Counterculture arises when opposing norms and values of the dominant culture (e.g., protest groups, hippies).
- Assimilation occurs when dominant cultures absorb subcultures; multiculturalism respects cultural variations.
Ethnocentrism vs. Cultural Relativism
- Ethnocentrism involves judgment of other cultures by one's cultural standards.
- Cultural relativism promotes evaluation based on a culture’s own standards.
Importance of Social Groups
- Humans require social interaction for survival and enjoyment.
- Categories are groups sharing characteristics without interaction (e.g., green-eyed people).
Social Group Characteristics
- Social groups require regular interaction and a sense of unity.
- They provide structure, roles, and norms that define member identities.
Types of Social Groups
- Primary Group: Characterized by strong emotional ties and long-lasting relationships (e.g., family, close friends).
- Secondary Group: Impersonal relationships formed later in life for specific needs (e.g., colleagues, business associates).
- Informal Group: Arises spontaneously without set objectives or rules, often based on shared emotions.
- Educational Organizations: Such as schools and colleges, focus on collective educational goals.
Goals and Norms of Social Organizations
- Members in organizations work towards common goals, with defined roles and statuses.
- Organizations establish norms and mores that regulate member behavior, ensuring smooth operations.
- Noncompliance with norms can incur sanctions ranging from warnings to expulsion, reinforcing organizational cohesion.
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