Questions and Answers
What is the term for the mystics of the Islamic faith who sought a mystical union with Allah?
What was Greek Fire?
A devastating incendiary weapon used by Byzantine forces.
Who was Theodora?
Wife of Emperor Justinian.
____-printing is a technique of printing which was popular during the early Song.
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What does the term Caliph literally mean?
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What is Shia?
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What does Bushido refer to?
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The ____ Turks captured Constantinople in 1453.
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What is paper money?
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What were iconoclasts?
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What are the Five Pillars of Islam?
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What was the Umayyad dynasty known for?
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Flying ____ refers to a form of currency issued by banks in early China.
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Civil ________ examinations were given for recruiting government officials.
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Muhammad referred to himself as the 'seal of the _________.'
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What are dhows?
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Who were the Bedouins?
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What is Hagia Sophia known for?
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What is Arabian Nights also known as?
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What is Malacca known for?
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What does Sharia refer to?
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What is the significance of Constantinople?
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What are serfs?
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Who was Abu Bakr?
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What does Neo-Confucianism represent?
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What is the meaning of Dar al-Islam?
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What is a samurai?
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What was the Jizya?
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What does Abbasid refer to?
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What is foot binding?
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What does Middle Ages refer to?
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What are Sunnis?
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Who were Cyril and Methodius?
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The _____ and Blues were factions of fans for chariot races in Constantinople.
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What does Islam literally mean?
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What is a shogun?
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What is the Great Canal?
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What is the tributes system?
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What city is known as the original home of Muhammad?
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What is the Orthodox Church?
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What is gunpowder?
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Who was Justinian?
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What is Heian Japan known for?
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What did Prince Vladimir do?
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What is a manor?
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Fast-ripening _____ rice enabled harvesting twice a year.
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What are Arabic numerals?
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What is Caesaropapism?
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What is the Hajj?
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Who were the Magyars?
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What is the theme system?
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What is the Sultanate of Delhi?
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The Byzantine _____ empire was the eastern half of the Roman empire.
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What is Baghdad?
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What is the Quran?
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Who were the Vikings?
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What is Kiev known for?
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What was the Fourth Crusade?
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Study Notes
Sufis
- Islamic mystics aiming for an emotional union with Allah over intellectual understanding.
- Known for kindness, holiness, tolerance, and charismatic appeal, making them effective missionaries.
Greek Fire
- Incendiary weapon composed of Sulphur, lime, and petroleum.
- Used effectively by Byzantine forces against Islamic invaders in the late 7th and early 8th centuries.
Theodora
- Wife of Byzantine Emperor Justinian, who advised on political, diplomatic, and theological matters.
Block Printing
- Printing technique popularized in early Song China involving carved wooden blocks to create prints.
- Reusable and movable type was invented by mid-11th century.
Caliph
- Title meaning "deputy," representing the Islamic head of state, religious leader, chief judge, and military commander.
Shia
- Political and theological sect in Islam, originally supporting Ali and his descendants as caliphs.
- Acts as a refuge for opponents of the Sunni sect.
Bushido
- "The way of the warrior," a code of conduct for samurai in feudal Japan emphasizing loyalty, courage, and aggressive spirit.
Ottoman Turks
- Muslim Turks who captured Constantinople in 1453, integrating Byzantium into their empire.
Paper Money
- Introduced by Chinese private banks in the late 9th century as currency for commerce.
- By the 16th century, the issuing of paper money became an exclusive government right.
Iconoclasts
- Movement initiated by Emperor Leo III to destroy religious images and eliminate their use in churches, sparking over a century of debate.
Five Pillars of Islam
- Obligatory duties for all Muslims: belief in Allah, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, charity (zakat), and pilgrimage (hajj).
Umayyad Dynasty
- A prominent Meccan merchant clan that established a dynasty from 661 to 750 CE, with Damascus as its capital.
Flying Cash
- Early form of credit issued by banks during the early Tang dynasty to facilitate trade, alleviating copper coin shortages.
Civil Service Examinations
- Tests given to recruit government officials in China, based on classic literature and philosophy, started during the Han dynasty and formalized in the Tang and Song dynasties.
Muhammad
- Known as the "seal of the prophets," he believed he was the final prophet delivering Allah's message to humankind.
Dhow
- Large commercial ships used by Indian, Persian, and Arab sailors for trade.
Bedouins
- Nomadic people of the Arabian Peninsula, known for herding and kinship-based social structures; early converts to Islam.
Hagia Sophia
- A monumental church built in Constantinople under Justinian, later a mosque and museum, renowned for its architectural significance.
Arabian Nights
- A collection of adventurous and romantic tales from the Abbasid empire, notably featuring the court of Harun al-Rashid.
Malacca
- A powerful Southeast Asian kingdom founded in the late 14th century, transitioning from Hinduism to Islam by the mid-15th century.
Sharia
- Islamic holy law derived from religious principles, guiding social and ethical values.
Constantinople
- "City of Constantine," capital of the Byzantine Empire, fell to Ottoman Turks in 1453 and was renamed Istanbul.
Serfs
- A social class in feudal Europe, with obligations to cultivate lords' lands, formed through the merging of slaves and free peasants.
Abu Bakr
- Close companion of Muhammad, became the first caliph of the Islamic community after Muhammad's death.
Neo-Confucianism
- A development of Confucianism during the Song dynasty, blending Confucian principles with Buddhist thought, foundational for civil service exams.
Dar al-Islam
- Refers to the "house of Islam," encompassing diverse lands under Islamic rule.
Samurai
- Professional warriors serving provincial lords in feudal Japan, embodying virtues of loyalty, strength, and aggression.
Jizya
- Head tax levied on non-Muslims by Arab conquerors during the Umayyad dynasty.
Abbasid Dynasty
- Islamic dynasty established by Abu al-Abbas, ruling from Baghdad from 750 to 1258 CE.
Foot Binding
- A Chinese custom since the Song dynasty, involving tightly wrapping women's feet to alter their shape as a symbol of attractiveness and status.
Middle Ages
- Medieval period of European history spanning from 500 to 1500, bridging the classical era and modern times.
Sunnis
- Followers of a major Islamic sect that adheres to the established religious law and practices.
Cyril and Methodius
- Byzantine missionaries who created the Cyrillic alphabet for Slavic peoples, spreading literacy in the 9th century.
Greens and Blues
- Two opposing factions in Constantinople known for their chariot race rivalries, which culminated in a unified protest against high taxes in 532.
Islam
- "Submission," founded by Muhammad in the Arabian Peninsula, emphasizing obedience to Allah.
Shogun
- Title for the most powerful regional lord in Japan under the emperor's symbolic authority, first used during the Kamakura period.
Great Canal
- An extensive artificial waterway built under Sui Yangdi, facilitating trade and transportation across China.
Tribute System
- A hierarchical relationship between China and neighboring countries, where subordinate states recognized Chinese emperors' supremacy in exchange for gifts and trade benefits.
Mecca
- The birthplace of Muhammad and the holiest city in Islam, home to the Ka'ba and a pilgrimage destination.
Eastern Orthodox Church
- The Christian church of the Byzantine Empire post-1054 schism, reflecting Greek philosophical influences.
Gunpowder
- An explosive discovered by Daoist alchemists in the 5th century, used in China for fireworks and weaponry, spreading across Eurasia.
Justinian
- Byzantine Emperor (527-565 CE) known for rebuilding Constantinople, codifying Roman law, and significant military campaigns.
Heian Japan
- Period from 794 to 1185 in Japan marked by political and cultural advancements, with the imperial house as a national authority symbol amid Fujiwara control.
Prince Vladimir
- Ruler of Kiev who converted his kingdom to Orthodox Christianity in 989, establishing religious alignment.
Manor
- A self-sufficient estate of a feudal lord, containing agricultural land and serfs, significant for medieval European agriculture.
Fast-Ripening Rice
- A Vietnamese-developed rice strain allowing for two harvests yearly, introduced to south China during the Tang dynasty.
Arabic Numerals
- Numerical system originating in India and propagated by Arabs, foundational for mathematical development, including the concept of zero.
Caesaropapism
- The intertwining of political and ecclesiastical authority in the Byzantine Empire, where emperors influenced church affairs.
Hajj
- The pilgrimage to Mecca, a religious obligation for Muslims, transforming the Ka'ba into a significant Islamic holy site post-Muhammad's visit in 632.
Magyars
- Descendants of Central Asian nomads who settled in Hungary, known for raiding regions in Europe between the late 9th and mid-10th centuries.
Theme System
- Byzantine administrative organization to fortify free peasantry, with generals responsible for military and civil governance.
Sultanate of Delhi
- State founded by Muslim Turks that ruled northern India for over three centuries starting in the early 13th century.
Byzantine Empire
- Eastern portion of the Roman Empire, established as Constantinople, fell to Ottoman Turks in 1453 after losing significant territories to Islam.
Baghdad
- Capital city of the Abbasid dynasty, notable for its grandeur and strategic location near the former Sasanid capital.
Quran
- Holy book of Islam containing revelations received by Muhammad, serving as the ultimate authority for Islamic doctrine.
Vikings
- Scandinavian seafarers notorious for raids across Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries; established settlements in Iceland, Greenland, and North America.
Kiev
- A trading center on the Dnieper River, pivotal for trade routes connecting Scandinavia and Byzantium, dominating the region between the Volga and Dnieper.
Fourth Crusade
- An expedition (1202-1204) initially aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem but diverted to sack Constantinople, causing significant political repercussions in the Byzantine Empire.
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