KLHS: Penilaian Lingkungan Strategis

• Strategic Environmental Assessment (KLHS) is a series of systematic, comprehensive, and participatory analyses that ensure sustainable development principles are the foundation and are integrated into regional development. This can be across policies, plans, and/or programs (KRP).
• The purpose of KLHS is to ensure that sustainable development principles are the basis and are integrated into regional development and/or KRP.
• KLHS is strategic as an instrument to prevent pollution and environmental damage in regional development planning. It ensures environmental carrying capacity is considered.
• KLHS assesses environmental impacts, risks to the environment and ecosystem services. It requires the government to develop policies that consider environmental sustainability in spatial planning to prevent over-exploitation and maintain ecosystem balance.
• KLHS produces environmentally sound KRP, aiming to integrate the environment to ensure the capabilities, welfare, and quality of life for current and future generations.

KLHS vs AMDAL

• KLHS and AMDAL differ in the scope of decision-making.
• AMDAL focuses on specific projects or activities with environmental impacts.
• KLHS is oriented toward policies, plans, and development programs at the regional level.
• AMDAL is operational and immediately applied in a specific project.
• KLHS is strategic, visionary, and conceptual to ensure sustainable development.
• AMDAL produces detailed assessments of the environmental impact of a specific project.
• KLHS generates broader analysis that can be given more generally.
• AMDAL has a limited scope of alternative solutions, focusing on location, design, construction, and project operations.
• KLHS covers a broad area including policies, regulations, and technological, fiscal, and economic aspects.
• AMDAL applies in the short to medium term, depending on the project being assessed.
• KLHS applies in the medium to long term as a guide for sustainability.
• AMDAL assesses micro impacts that are localized to a project.
• KLHS assesses macro and cumulative impacts on a wider scale.
• AMDAL has a narrower, in-depth scope of study related to the project.
• KLHS has a broader scope, functioning as a framework.
• AMDAL uses quantitative data.
• KLHS uses qualitative data for policy analysis.
• AMDAL's key assessment is based on compliance with laws and best practices.
• KLHS is based on fulfilling broader sustainability goals and targets.

Government Regulations

• According to Law No. 32 of 2009, the nature of KLHS implementation depends on context and necessity i.e. KLHS can be mandatory or voluntary.
• KLHS is adapted to the context and needs. Some KRP may require KLHS due to the potential for significant environmental impacts, while others with insignificant impacts can undergo KLHS voluntarily.
• Mandatory KLHS is required for developing RTRW (Spatial Plan), RZWP3K (Coastal and Small Islands Zoning Plan), RPJP/M (Long-Term/Mid-Term Development Plan), and KRP with strategic environmental impacts.
• KLHS serves as an instrument to prevent environmental damage that might arise from policies, plans or development program and to ensure that development adheres to the principle of sustainability.
• Voluntary KLHS are conducted for KRP with non-significant impacts with local or community initiatives, and activities (small projects) not mandated by law.
• KLHS demonstrates a commitment to sustainability, enhancing environmental quality and proactive environmental management.

KLHS Implementation

• Public consultation is required throughout the process.
• Identify sustainable development issues.
• Identify the most strategic and relevant sustainable development issues and prioritize those most impactful that need immediate attention through KRP.
• Identify KRP relevant to the identified issues.
• Review KRPs that are being/will be prepared to identify components that significantly impact those priority issues (e.g., RTRW, RZWP3K, RPJMD). Identify KRP content from SDGs that are divided into three categories: indicators achieved, indicators unachieved, and indicators with no data.
• Analyze the impact factors by analyzing components based on environmental, social, and economic parameters. This includes the analysis of: Supporting and Carrying Capacity (DDDT), Risk, Ecosystem Services (JE), Natural Resources (SDA), Climate Change (PI), and Biodiversity.
• Create alternative formulations.
• Develop recommendations for KRP improvements.
• Conduct monitoring and quality assurance.
• Document the KLHS process.
• Validate the process by validating the entire KLHS process and results, involving public consultation.

Screening and Scoping

• Screening is a series of steps to determine whether a KRP needs to be accompanied by a KLHS assessment through agreement of relevant parties.

Scoping

• Scoping is a series of steps to establish the key points, KLHS objectives, core issues, KLHS scope, depth of analysis, initial condition identification, and initial assessment of institutional capacity through systematic and methodological approaches, and consultation.
• KLHS ex-post is based on Ministry of Home Affairs Regulation No. 67 of 2012. The strategic issue is an existing issue within the KRP that impacts environment, with a primary focus on environmental aspects, accommodating environmental, economic, and social issues.
• KLHS ex-ante (Permendagri No. 7 of 2018) focuses on sustainable development goals (SDGs), considering environmental, economic, social, legal, and governance aspects, and integrating various strategic policies of national development conducting assessments before policies or programs are implemented to ensure development plans align with sustainable development principles.

Risk Management

• Environmental Risk is the possibility of suffering losses or potential negative effects on business operations and the environment caused by floods, tornadoes, etc that stem from human activities.
• Hazard indicates an event with the potential to cause accidents, injuries, loss of property, or loss of life.
• Vulnerability is a set of conditions that determine whether a hazard, natural or man-made, can cause a disaster, encompassing physical, social conditions, and attitudes that affect community capacity to mitigate the impact of hazards.
• Capacity refers to capability to provide a response to a certain event with the resources available (physical, human, funding, etc).

Environmental Factors

• KLHS assesses and measures how well a plan or activity minimizes the use of raw materials, water, energy and land by implementing resource-efficient technologies, recycling, and reuse. This assessment includes analyzing the life cycle of a product to identify points of waste and opportunities to substitute materials with more environmentally friendly alternatives.
• Environmental risk maps potential negative impacts (direct or cumulative) from an activity on air, water, soil, human health, and ecosystems. This assessment identifies sources of emissions, release of hazardous substances, and the potential for environmental accidents, alongside assessing exposure levels and the scale of damage.
• Biodiversity evaluates the condition and function of habitats, species populations, and ecosystem connectivity when faced with anthropogenic or natural disturbances. The assessment involves biodiversity indices to assess the stability and resilience of ecosystems that can be further studied for restoration of threatened or endemic species' habitats.
• Ecosystem services assess the ability of ecosystems to provide benefits such as clean water provision, microclimate regulation, and carbon sequestration coupled with qualitative indicators such as the volume of filtered water per hectare, CO₂ absorption capacity, or biomass productivity.
• Carrying Capacity and Carrying Capacity assess the maximum threshold of human activities (such as waste, pollution, and resource extraction) that the environment can tolerate that could compromise ecosystem functions. Future load scenarios are analyzed based on projected population and industry growth, such as pollutant absorption capacity, sustainable water availability, and extraction limits of mining materials.
• Climate change is measured in how the social-ecological system is affected by climate change (e.g., temperature increase, extreme rainfall patterns, and rising sea level) including exposure, sensitivity, the adaptive capacity of communities and ecosystems when using a climate vulnerability index. Mitigation of these effects can be done to slow changes.

Environmental Mitigation

• Environmental mitigation is an effort to prevent negative impacts that are expected to occur or have occurred due to a planned activity that can be used to reduce negative impacts resulting from an activity.
• Both AMDAL and KLHS can mitigate because each include environmental issues such as water quality, deforestation, and disaster risk. Analysis of impacts, as well as mitigation recommendations that are proposed to reduce negative impacts are also included.
• AMDAL focuses on specific projects/activities, while KLHS assesses broader strategic policies. Both provide a framework for monitoring and managing environmental impacts.

Public Consultation

• In KLHS, public consultation is related to the first step i.e. identifying sustainable development issues so social and environmental needs of local communities must be reflected.
• In steps 2 & 3 determination of strategic and priority sustainable development issues, community input is needed to ensure prioritized issues are relevant to the community.
• In step 11, data validation, public consultation is needed to verify data accuracy and agreement on recommendations.

Mitigation Hierarchy

• Mitigation Hierarchy is a policy tool used in planning and implementing development projects, providing a logical and effective approach that protects and preserves biodiversity and maintains essential ecosystem services.
• Mitigation Hierarchy also used as guidelines in conducting activities that exploit nature and have the potential to have negative impacts on environmental components.

Mitigation Hierarchy Order

• Elimination/Prevention/Avoidance involves directing project planning and design to completely avoid disturbances to the ecosystem, thereby preventing potential negative impacts from the start.
• Minimization: If environmental impacts cannot be completely avoided, the next step is to implement a series of technical and operational measures to reduce the intensity, frequency, and scope of those impacts.
• Restoration/Rehabilitation/Improvement (Restoration): After an area has experienced disturbance or degradation, ecological interventions such as replanting native vegetation, repairing soil structure, and restoring water and soil quality are carried out to restore the function and structure of the ecosystem to a condition close to that before the disturbance.
• Offsetting residual impacts that cannot be restored, compensation is implemented through the creation, enhancement, or preservation of environmental services in other areas so that the value of environmental damage can be offset quantitatively and qualitatively.

Mitigation Hierarchy Examples

• Avoidance e.g. avoiding the use of river flow for construction and domestic water needs by utilizing alternative local water sources and scheduling drilling operations for November-April avoiding the rainy season.
• Minimization e.g. building biopores and reservoirs to reduce direct extraction pressure on the watershed and limiting water pumping to only 1/3 of the minimum river flow during the dry season.
• Restoration e.g. planting local vegetation around well pads to restore disturbed land and constructing infiltration wells or providing water tanks for affected communities.
• Offset e.g. funding water conservation or environmental education programs for surrounding communities to offset residual impacts that cannot be avoided, and building public facilities such as health or education facilities as part of the company's social responsibility.