Kinetic Molecular Theory and Properties of Matter

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following forces is responsible for the tendency of a liquid to rise in narrow tubes?

  • Viscosity
  • Boiling point
  • Capillary action (correct)
  • Vapor pressure

What is the term for the change of phase from liquid to vapor?

  • Polarizability
  • Viscosity
  • Vaporization (correct)
  • Capillary action

What is the term for the equilibrium pressure of a vapor above its liquid?

  • Capillary action
  • Boiling point
  • Vapor pressure (correct)
  • Viscosity

What is the term for a gaseous substance that exists naturally as a liquid or solid at normal temperature?

<p>Vapor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors influences the strength of dispersion forces between molecules?

<p>The number of electrons in the molecule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ease with which the electron distribution in a molecule can be distorted?

<p>Polarizability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow?

<p>Viscosity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature at which a liquid boils when the external pressure is 1 atm?

<p>Boiling point (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the state of matter beyond the critical point?

<p>Supercritical fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the boundary between the liquid and gaseous regions of a substance at the critical temperature?

<p>The boundary disappears completely. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the point on a phase diagram where solid, liquid, and gas phases coexist in equilibrium?

<p>Triple point (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the solid form of carbon dioxide?

<p>Dry ice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are true about supersaturated solutions? (Select all that apply)

<p>They are in a state of unstable equilibrium. (A), They can be created by slowly cooling a saturated solution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the critical temperature and the critical pressure of a substance?

<p>They are directly proportional. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating percent by volume of a solution?

<p>(volume of solute / volume of solution) x 100% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition under which carbon dioxide will sublime at 1 atm?

<p>Below its critical temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the shape of a liquid's surface in a cylindrical container?

<p>Intermolecular forces of the liquid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does water form a spherical droplet on plastic compared to kerosene?

<p>Water has strong intermolecular forces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a concave meniscus?

<p>The adhesive forces are greater than cohesive forces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which liquid among the following has the highest viscosity?

<p>Glycerol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does viscosity measure in liquids?

<p>Resistance to flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when cohesive forces and adhesive forces are equal?

<p>The surface remains horizontal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would you expect to see a convex meniscus?

<p>Mercury in a glass container (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the viscosity of water and glycerol is correct?

<p>Glycerol has a higher viscosity than water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes crystalline solids from amorphous solids?

<p>They form fixed geometric patterns. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a crystalline solid?

<p>Diamond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do particles in amorphous solids primarily differ from those in crystalline solids?

<p>They do not exhibit any long-range order. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique is commonly used to determine the atomic structure of crystalline solids?

<p>X-Ray Diffraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the arrangement of particles in crystalline solids?

<p>Regular repeating three-dimensional structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the state of amorphous solids?

<p>Super-cooled liquid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true about crystalline solids?

<p>They possess a random arrangement of particles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes leads to the formation of sugar crystals?

<p>Shredding and squeezing cane stalks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intermolecular force is responsible for the strong attraction between water molecules?

<p>Hydrogen Bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to intermolecular forces when a solid melts?

<p>They become weaker. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intermolecular force is present in all molecules, regardless of their polarity?

<p>Dispersion Forces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between dipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonds?

<p>Hydrogen bonds involve a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom, while dipole-dipole forces do not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a property of a fluid?

<p>Definite volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by "surface tension"?

<p>The force required to break the surface of a liquid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a polar molecule?

<p>H2O (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intermolecular force is responsible for the attraction between a positively charged ion and a polar molecule?

<p>Ion-Dipole Forces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the effect of a nonvolatile solute on the colligative properties of a solution?

<p>The ratio of the number of particles of solute to solvent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'boiling point elevation' refer to?

<p>The increase in boiling point of a solution compared to the pure solvent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the formula for boiling point elevation, what does 'i' represent?

<p>The Van’t Hoff factor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes vapor pressure?

<p>The equilibrium pressure exerted by vapor in a closed system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of a nonvolatile solute affect the vapor pressure of a solution?

<p>It lowers the vapor pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the numerical value used to determine how many particles a solute will produce in solution?

<p>Van’t Hoff factor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increasing the concentration of a nonvolatile solute on a solution's boiling point?

<p>It increases the boiling point (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components does NOT affect the freezing point depression of a solution?

<p>The identity of the solute (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Intermolecular Forces

Attractive forces between molecules that affect physical properties.

Metallic Bond

Attraction between metal atoms, sharing electrons in a sea of electrons.

Ion-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule's partial charge.

Dipole-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between polar molecules due to uneven charge distribution.

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Hydrogen Bond

Strong dipole-dipole interaction involving hydrogen and electronegative atoms (N, O, F).

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Surface Tension

The elastic force on a liquid's surface, allowing it to resist external force.

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Dispersion Forces

Weak forces arising from temporary dipoles in molecules, significant in nonpolar substances.

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Fluid

Substance that can flow, including gases and liquids.

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Capillary action

The ability of a liquid to rise in narrow tubes due to intermolecular forces.

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Viscosity

A measure of a fluid's resistance to flow due to internal friction.

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Vapor

A gaseous substance that exists naturally as a liquid or solid at normal temperature.

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Vaporization

The change of phase from liquid to vapor (gas).

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Polarizability

The ease with which the electron distribution in a molecule can be distorted.

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Vapor pressure

The equilibrium pressure exerted by vapor above its liquid in a closed container.

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Boiling point

The temperature at which a liquid boils under a specific external pressure, usually 1 atm.

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Meniscus

The curve in the surface of a liquid in a container.

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Concave Meniscus

Occurs when cohesive forces in the liquid are stronger than adhesive forces with the container.

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Convex Meniscus

Occurs when adhesive forces in the container are greater than cohesive forces between the liquid molecules.

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Cohesive Forces

Attractive forces between molecules of the same substance.

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Adhesive Forces

Attractive forces between molecules of different substances.

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Surface Shape

The specific form the surface of a liquid takes in a container.

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Fluid Flow

The movement of liquids or gases, influenced by viscosity and other factors.

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Crystalline Solid

A solid with a regular repeating structure called a crystal lattice.

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Amorphous Solid

A solid with no long-range order in its particle arrangement.

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Crystal Lattice

The ordered, repeating arrangement in crystalline solids.

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X-Ray Diffraction

A technique used to determine the atomic structure of a crystal.

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Examples of Crystalline Solids

Include ice, table salt (NaCl), and diamond, which have regular structures.

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Super-cooled Liquids

Amorphous solids behaving like liquids with randomized molecular arrangement.

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Random Orientation

Arrangement of particles in amorphous solids with no specific pattern.

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Incompressibility in Crystalline Solids

Crystalline solids are densely packed, maximizing space with minimal gaps.

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Boiling Point Elevation

Increase in boiling point due to a nonvolatile solute in solution.

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Freezing Point Depression

Decrease in freezing point caused by a dissolved nonvolatile solute.

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Colligative Properties

Properties that depend on solute concentration rather than identity.

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Ebullioscopic Constant (Kb)

The proportionality constant used in boiling point elevation calculations.

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Van’t Hoff Factor (i)

Ratio of particles produced in solution versus the original solute concentration.

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Molality (m)

Concentration measured as moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

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Vapor Pressure Lowering

Decrease in vapor pressure of a solvent when a solute is added.

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Critical Temperature

The maximum temperature at which a substance can exist as a liquid.

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Triple Point

The unique set of conditions where all three phases of a substance coexist in equilibrium.

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Sublimation

The transition of a substance directly from solid to gas without becoming liquid.

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Phase Diagram

A graphical representation showing the states of a substance at various temperatures and pressures.

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Freezing (Melting) Curve

Represents the temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid and vice versa.

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Supercritical Fluid

A state of matter that occurs at temperatures and pressures above critical points.

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Vaporization (Condensation) Curve

Indicates the transition where a substance changes from liquid to gas and vice versa.

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Supersaturated Solution

A solution that contains more dissolved solute than is normally possible at a given temperature.

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Study Notes

Kinetic Molecular Theory

  • All matter is composed of tiny particles (atoms or molecules)
  • Particles are in constant, random motion
  • The distances between particles are large (especially in gases)
  • There are no attractive or repulsive forces between particles in a gas
  • The kinetic energy of the particles is proportional to the temperature of the system

Properties of Matter

  • Gases:
    • Assumes the volume and shape of the container
    • Low density
    • Highly compressible
  • Liquids:
    • Fixed volume
    • Assumes the shape of the container
    • Higher density than gases
    • Cannot be easily compressed
  • Solids:
    • Fixed volume and shape
    • High density
    • Cannot be easily compressed

Molecular Behavior

  • Gases:

    • Random, fast motion with large distances traveled
  • Liquids:

    • Random motion with medium speed and limited distance traveled
    • Vibrational motion in place
  • Solids:

    • Vibration in place
  • An increase in temperature increases kinetic energy of particles in all phases

  • Molecules can be polar or nonpolar

  • Polar molecules have a separation of charge

  • Nonpolar molecules do not have a separation of charge

Intermolecular Forces

  • Intramolecular: Forces within molecules. Stronger than intermolecular forces.
  • Intermolecular: Forces between molecules. Weaker than intramolecular forces.
  • Types of Intermolecular forces:
    • Ion-dipole: Attraction between an ion and a polar molecule
    • Dipole-dipole: Attraction between two polar molecules
    • Hydrogen bonding: A special type of dipole-dipole interaction involving hydrogen bonded to N, O, or F.
    • London Dispersion Forces (LDF): Weak attractions caused by temporary dipoles in nonpolar molecules. Larger molecules have stronger LDF.

Types of Attractions

  • Ionic bonds: Between a metal and a nonmetal
  • Covalent bonds: Between two nonmetals
  • Metallic bonds: Between metal atoms

Additional Properties of Liquids

  • Fluid: A gas or liquid that can flow
  • Surface tension: The resistance of a liquid's surface to stretching or breaking.
  • Capillary action: The tendency of a liquid to rise in narrow tubes or be drawn into small openings
  • Viscosity: A measure of a fluid's resistance to flow
  • Vapor Pressure: The pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid phase at a given temperature
  • Boiling point: The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure
  • Molar heat of vaporization (ΔHvap): The energy required to vaporize one mole of a liquid at a given temperature. A higher ΔHvap indicates stronger intermolecular forces.

Additional Properties of Solids

  • Crystalline solids: Have an ordered, repeating arrangement of particles in a three-dimensional structure.
  • Amorphous solids: Do not have a long-range order in their structure and may appear to be supercooled liquids
  • X-ray diffraction: A technique used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of crystals

Concentration of Solutions

  • Dilute solutions: Low concentration of solute
  • Concentrated solutions: High concentration of solute
  • Saturated solutions: Contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a given temperature.
  • Unsaturated solutions: Contains less solute than can dissolve
  • Supersaturated solutions: Contains more solute than can normally dissolve at that temperature.

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