Kinesiology terms

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Questions and Answers

What is arthrokinesis?

Movement pattern relative to bone surface movement with joint usually more internal.

What is the axis of motion?

Line around which an object rotates.

What is biomechanics?

Study of movement.

What is closed chain movement?

<p>Functional movements involving a distal segment (non moving) the proximal aspect of the joint moves together in relation to a fixed point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define elasticity in the context of muscles.

<p>Muscles ability to stretch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is end-feel?

<p>Feel of a joint during passive ROM at end range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is functional anatomy?

<p>Body structures and how they relate to movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is functional mobility?

<p>Process of moving the body from one place to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an isotonic muscle contraction?

<p>Muscle contraction that changes the muscle length and produces joint motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an isometric muscle contraction?

<p>Muscle contraction that does NOT change the muscle length or produce joint motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is kinesiology?

<p>Study of anatomical structures and mechanics relative to human movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length tension relationship in muscles?

<p>Muscles strength in relation to its length/stretch during contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is occupational performance?

<p>Engaging in meaningful activities in an individual, group, or population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define occupations in the context of occupational therapy.

<p>Everyday activities that people do to bring meaning and purpose to life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are open chain movements?

<p>Occur when the distal segment of a joint moves in space. E.g., for knee joint is leg extension exercise on a machine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osteokinematics?

<p>Movement of bones around a joint axis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are performance patterns?

<p>habits, routines, rituals, roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are performance skills?

<p>Actions involving motor processes and social interactions contributing to occupational performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is surface anatomy?

<p>Study of general form and superficial markings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are activities of daily living (ADLs)?

<p>The basic activities a person usually accomplishes during a normal day, such as eating, dressing, and bathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)?

<p>Activities necessary for independence in society beyond eating, grooming, transferring, and toileting; include such skills as shopping, preparing meals, banking, and taking medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In muscle anatomy, what does 'origin' refer to?

<p>refers to an attachment of muscle that moves the LEAST</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the origin of a muscle usually located relative to the insertion?

<p>proximal</p> Signup and view all the answers

In muscle anatomy, what does 'insertion' refer to?

<p>refers to the more movable attachment of muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the insertion of a muscle usually located relative to the origin?

<p>distal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is palpation?

<p>using physical touch to feel and identify structures of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a tensile force?

<p>pull</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a compressive force?

<p>push</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of bone?

<p>calcium and collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cortical bone?

<p>rigid mineral bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cancellous bone?

<p>spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is articular cartilage?

<p>multiple layers of dense connective tissue at the ends of long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of articular cartilage?

<p>to absorb shock and reduce friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do ligaments connect, and what is their function?

<p>for joint stability, bone to bone connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do tendons connect, and what is their function?

<p>muscle to bone connection, transfers muscle force</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a joint capsule?

<p>dense fibers that surround a synovial joint, these provide passive stability to joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________ fluid is located in joint capsules.

<p>Synovial</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an aponeurosis?

<p>fibrous sheet of tissue connecting muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of movement are completed in the frontal plane?

<p>adductions and abductions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of movement are completed in the sagittal plane?

<p>flexion and extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of movement are completed in the transverse plane?

<p>rotation (usually pivot joints)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of muscle are involuntary?

<p>cardiac and smooth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is cardiac muscle found?

<p>the heart and myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is smooth muscle typically found?

<p>in the lining of the digestive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does skeletal muscle act on?

<p>bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does supine mean?

<p>lying on the back</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does prone mean?

<p>lying face down</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are muscles made of?

<p>muscle fibers aka cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds each individual muscle fiber?

<p>endomysium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are groups of muscle fibers called?

<p>fascicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connective tissue layer wraps around fascicles?

<p>perimysium</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________ surrounds a group of fascicles forming muscles.

<p>Epimysium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are myofibrils?

<p>protein structures that make up muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sarcomeres?

<p>units composed of actin and myosin that contract inside the muscle fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is myosin in the context of muscle filaments?

<p>thick filament</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is actin in the context of muscle filaments?

<p>thin filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe slow-twitch muscle fibers.

<p>type of muscle that contracts slowly and is fatigue resistant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe fast-twitch muscle fibers.

<p>muscle fibers that react quickly and fatigue quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are pennate muscle fibers oriented?

<p>form an oblique angle to the tendon of the muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe multipennate muscle fiber arrangement.

<p>Fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe bipennate muscle fiber arrangement.

<p>fascicles approach tendon from both sides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe unipennate muscle fiber arrangement.

<p>fascicles insert into one side of tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe fusiform muscles.

<p>fibers are oriented parallel to the line of force</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe sphincter muscles.

<p>fibers are arranged in a circle around a structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common class of lever found in the human body?

<p>third class levers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe a first class lever.

<p>The fulcrum is positioned between the effort and resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe a second class lever.

<p>resistive force closer to axis than exerted force on the same side</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe a third class lever.

<p>a lever with exerted and resistive forces on the same side of an axis, exerted force closer to the axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a plane joint?

<p>permits gliding or sliding movements in the plane of the articular surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hinge joint?

<p>permits movement in one plane, ex. flexion or extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are saddle joints?

<p>biaxial joints allowing movement in 2 planes sagittal and frontal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What movements can saddle joints perform?

<p>circumduction, adduction, abduction, flexion, and extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a condyloid joint?

<p>biaxial joint with movement in one plane being greater than the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

What movements can condyloid joints perform?

<p>flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ball and socket joints?

<p>permits movement in multiple axes and planes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of synovial joint is generally the most movable?

<p>ball and socket</p> Signup and view all the answers

In joint design, increased mobility often comes at the cost of sacrificed what?

<p>stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are pivot joints?

<p>permits rotation around a central axis and are uniaxial</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the convex-concave rule?

<p>describes how the differences in shapes of bone ends require joint surfaces to move in a specific way during joint movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lymphatic collecting ducts?

<p>lymphatic vessels that empty lymph into the right lymphatic duct and left lymphatic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is edema?

<p>excess of interstitial fluid, presents as swelling in an extremity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lymph (lymphatic fluid)?

<p>also called lymphatic fluid. This is a collection of extra fluid that drains tissues and cells that are not reabsorbed in the capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lymph nodes?

<p>bean-shaped glands that clean and and monitor lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lymphatic vessels?

<p>network of vessels and capillaries though the body that transport lymph away from tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lymphedema?

<p>condition in which there is localized edema, occurs when the lymph does not drain from an area in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the lymphatic system?

<p>maintain a balance of fluid in the internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the lymphatic system considered a component of the circulatory system?

<p>it is made up of lymph derived from blood and tissue fluid in the lymphatic vessels that transport lymph to blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides fluid, what key substances does the lymphatic system return to general circulation?

<p>proteins, fats, tissue fluid, and other substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do lymphatic vessels differ structurally from blood vessels in terms of their origin?

<p>begin randomly in the intercellular spaces of soft tissues of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lymph also known as, and how does it typically present?

<p>Lymph is also known as lymphatic fluid and presents as clear, watery fluid found in the lymphatic vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is interstitial fluid?

<p>fluid in the spaces between cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the general pathway of the lymphoid drainage system.

<p>Superficial lymphatic vessels follow venous drainage -&gt; deep lymphatic vessels joined by arteries and receive drainage from internal organs -&gt; superficial and deep arteries become larger as they merge into adjacent structures of the body -&gt; large lymphatic vessels enter large collecting ducts (lymphatic trunks) -&gt; trunk merge to form right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which areas of the body does the right lymphatic duct drain?

<p>Drains the lymph fluid from the body's right side of the head, neck, trunk, and right upper limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the right lymphatic duct empty into the bloodstream?

<p>the junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian venous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which areas of the body does the thoracic duct drain?

<p>lymph fluid from most of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thoracic duct begins by draining which areas into a collecting sac?

<p>abdomen and lower extremities into the dilated collecting sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

After the collecting sac (cisterna chyli), where does the thoracic duct ascend?

<p>thorax to enter the left venous angle including junction of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides fluid balance, what are other key functions of the lymphoid system?

<p>Absorption and transport of fat, Formation of defense mechanism of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the lymphatic system contribute to the body's defense mechanisms?

<p>by draining foreign proteins from infected area of the body, and creating antibodies specific to the protein are produced by the immunologically competent cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if lymphatic tissues or nodes are damaged, destroyed, or removed?

<p>drain normally from the involved area</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is arthrokinesis?

<p>Movement pattern relative to bone surface movement with joint usually more internal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'axis of motion'.

<p>Line around which an object rotates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is biomechanics?

<p>Study of movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe closed chain movement.

<p>Functional movements involving a distal segment (non moving) the proximal aspect of the joint moves together in relation to a fixed point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is elasticity in the context of muscles?

<p>Muscles ability to stretch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'end-feel'.

<p>Feel of a joint during passive ROM at end range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is functional anatomy?

<p>Body structures and how they relate to movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'functional mobility'.

<p>Process of moving the body from one place to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'isotonic' mean in relation to muscle contraction?

<p>Muscle contraction that changes the muscle length and produces joint motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'isometric' mean in relation to muscle contraction?

<p>Muscle contraction that does NOT change the muscle length or produce joint motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is kinesiology?

<p>Study of anatomical structures and mechanics relative to human movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the 'length tension relationship' in muscles.

<p>Muscles strength in relation to its length/stretch during contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'occupational performance'.

<p>Engaging in meaningful activities in an individual, group, or population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 'occupations' in the context of occupational therapy?

<p>Everyday activities that people do to bring meaning and purpose to life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe open chain movements.

<p>Occur when the distal segment of a joint moves in space. E.g., for knee joint is leg extension exercise on a machine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osteokinematics?

<p>Movement of bones around a joint axis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'performance patterns'.

<p>Habits, routines, rituals, roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'performance skills'.

<p>Actions involving motor processes and social interactions contributing to occupational performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is surface anatomy?

<p>Study of general form and superficial markings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are activities of daily living (ADLs)?

<p>The basic activities a person usually accomplishes during a normal day, such as eating, dressing, and bathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)?

<p>Activities necessary for independence in society beyond eating, grooming, transferring, and toileting; include such skills as shopping, preparing meals, banking, and taking medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'origin' refer to in muscle anatomy?

<p>Refers to an attachment of muscle that moves the LEAST.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin usually?

<p>Proximal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'insertion' refer to in muscle anatomy?

<p>Refers to the more movable attachment of muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the insertion usually?

<p>Distal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'palpation'.

<p>Using physical touch to feel and identify structures of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a tensile force?

<p>Pull.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a compressive force?

<p>Push.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bone primarily made up of?

<p>Calcium and collagen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cortical bone?

<p>Rigid mineral bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cancellous bone?

<p>Spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe articular cartilage.

<p>Multiple layers of dense connective tissue at the ends of long bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of articular cartilage?

<p>To absorb shock and reduce friction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ligaments?

<p>For joint stability, bone to bone connection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a tendon?

<p>Muscle to bone connection, transfers muscle force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a joint capsule?

<p>Dense fibers that surround a synovial joint, these provide passive stability to joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ fluid is located in joint capsules.

<p>synovial</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an aponeurosis?

<p>Fibrous sheet of tissue connecting muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of movement are completed in the frontal plane?

<p>Adductions and abductions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of movement are completed in the sagittal plane?

<p>Flexion and extension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of movement are completed in the transverse plane?

<p>Rotation (usually pivot joints).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of muscle are involuntary?

<p>Cardiac and smooth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is cardiac muscle found?

<p>The heart and myocardium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is smooth muscle generally found?

<p>In the lining of the digestive system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does skeletal muscle act on?

<p>Bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'supine' mean?

<p>Lying on the back.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'prone' mean?

<p>Lying face down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is muscle made of?

<p>Muscle fibers aka cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds each individual muscle fiber?

<p>Endomysium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are groups of muscle fibers called?

<p>Fascicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connective tissue wraps around fascicles?

<p>Perimysium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ surrounds a group of fascicles forming muscles.

<p>Epimysium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are myofibrils?

<p>Protein structures that make up muscle fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sarcomeres?

<p>Units composed of actin and myosin that contract inside the muscle fiber.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein forms the thick filament in a sarcomere?

<p>Myosin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein forms the thin filaments in a sarcomere?

<p>Actin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe slow-twitch muscle fibers.

<p>Type of muscle that contracts slowly and is fatigue resistant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe fast-twitch muscle fibers.

<p>Muscle fibers that react quickly and fatigue quickly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes pennate muscle fibers?

<p>Form an oblique angle to the tendon of the muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe multipennate muscle architecture.

<p>Fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe bipennate muscle architecture.

<p>Fascicles approach tendon from both sides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe unipennate muscle architecture.

<p>Fascicles insert into one side of tendon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are fusiform muscles?

<p>Fibers are oriented parallel to the line of force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sphincter muscles?

<p>Fibers are arranged in a circle around a structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common class of lever found in the human body?

<p>Third class levers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe a first class lever.

<p>The fulcrum is positioned between the effort and resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe a second class lever.

<p>Resistive force closer to axis than exerted force on the same side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe a third class lever.

<p>A lever with exerted and resistive forces on the same side of an axis, exerted force closer to the axis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a plane joint?

<p>Permits gliding or sliding movements in the plane of the articular surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hinge joint?

<p>Permits movement in one plane, ex. flexion or extension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are saddle joints?

<p>Biaxial joints allowing movement in 2 planes sagittal and frontal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What movements can saddle joints perform?

<p>Circumduction, adduction, abduction, flexion, and extension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a condyloid joint?

<p>Biaxial joint with movement in one plane being greater than the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What movements can condyloid joints perform?

<p>Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ball and socket joints?

<p>Permits movement in multiple axes and planes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of joint is most movable?

<p>Ball and socket.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased mobility in a joint often comes at the cost of what?

<p>Stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are pivot joints?

<p>Permits rotation around a central axis and are uniaxial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the convex-concave rule?

<p>Describes how the differences in shapes of bone ends require joint surfaces to move in a specific way during joint movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are collecting ducts in the lymphatic system?

<p>Lymphatic vessels that empty lymph into the right lymphatic duct and left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define edema.

<p>Excess of interstitial fluid, presents as swelling in an extremity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lymph?

<p>Also called lymphatic fluid. This is a collection of extra fluid that drains tissues and cells that are not reabsorbed in the capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lymph nodes?

<p>Bean-shaped glands that clean and and monitor lymph.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lymphatic vessels?

<p>Network of vessels and capillaries though the body that transport lymph away from tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define lymphedema.

<p>Condition in which there is localized edema, occurs when the lymph does not drain from an area in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lymphatic system's main function?

<p>To maintain a balance of fluid in the internal environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the lymphatic system considered a component of the circulatory system?

<p>Because it is made up of lymph derived from blood and tissue fluid in the lymphatic vessels that transport lymph to blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substances does the lymphatic system return to the general circulation as part of its unique transport function?

<p>Proteins, fats, tissue fluid, and other substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do lymphatic vessels differ structurally from blood vessels in the circulatory system?

<p>Unlike vessels in the circulatory system, lymphatic vessels do not form a closed ring, but instead begin randomly in the intercellular spaces of soft tissues of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lymph also known as, and how does it present visually?

<p>Lymphatic tissue, clear, water fluid found in the lymphatic vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is interstitial fluid?

<p>Fluid in the spaces between cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Briefly describe the general path of the Lymphoid Drainage System.

<p>Superficial lymphatic vessels follow venous drainage -&gt; deep lymphatic vessels joined by arteries and receive drainage from internal organs -&gt; superficial and deep arteries become larger as they merge into adjacent structures of the body -&gt; large lymphatic vessels enter large collecting ducts (lymphatic trunks) -&gt; trunk merge to form right lymphatic duct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which areas of the body does the right lymphatic duct drain?

<p>Drains the lymph fluid from the body's right side of the head, neck, trunk, and right upper limb.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the right lymphatic duct enter the venous system?

<p>The junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which areas of the body does the thoracic duct drain?

<p>Lymph fluid from most of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What regions drain into the collecting sac (cisterna chyli) at the beginning of the thoracic duct?

<p>Abdomen and lower extremities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the path of the thoracic duct after the collecting sac.

<p>From the collecting sac, the thoracic duct ascends into and then through the thorax to enter the left venous angle including junction of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides fluid balance, what are other functions of the lymphoid system?

<p>Absorption and transport of fat, Formation of defense mechanism of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the lymphatic system contribute to the body's defense mechanisms?

<p>By draining foreign proteins from infected area of the body, and creating antibodies specific to the protein are produced by the immunologically competent cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence if lymphatic tissues or nodes are damaged, destroyed, or removed?

<p>They cannot drain normally from the involved area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is arthrokinesis?

<p>Movement pattern relative to bone surface movement with joint usually more internal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the axis of motion?

<p>The line around which an object rotates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is biomechanics?

<p>The study of movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a closed chain movement?

<p>Functional movements involving a distal segment (non moving) the proximal aspect of the joint moves together in relation to a fixed point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is elasticity in the context of muscles?

<p>A muscle's ability to stretch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is end-feel?

<p>The feel of a joint during passive ROM at end range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Functional Anatomy?

<p>The study of body structures and how they relate to movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is functional mobility?

<p>The process of moving the body from one place to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an isotonic muscle contraction?

<p>A muscle contraction that changes the muscle length and produces joint motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an isometric muscle contraction?

<p>A muscle contraction that does NOT change the muscle length or produce joint motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is kinesiology?

<p>The study of anatomical structures and mechanics relative to human movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length-tension relationship in muscles?

<p>A muscle's strength in relation to its length/stretch during contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is occupational performance?

<p>Engaging in meaningful activities in an individual, group, or population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are occupations?

<p>Everyday activities that people do to bring meaning and purpose to life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are open chain movements?

<p>Movements that occur when the distal segment of a joint moves in space. E.g., for knee joint is leg extension exercise on a machine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osteokinematics?

<p>Movement of bones around a joint axis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are performance patterns?

<p>Habits, routines, rituals, roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are performance skills?

<p>Actions involving motor processes and social interactions contributing to occupational performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is surface anatomy?

<p>The study of general form and superficial markings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are activities of daily living (ADLs)?

<p>The basic activities a person usually accomplishes during a normal day, such as eating, dressing, and bathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)?

<p>Activities necessary for independence in society beyond eating, grooming, transferring, and toileting; include such skills as shopping, preparing meals, banking, and taking medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'origin' refer to in muscle attachment?

<p>Refers to an attachment of muscle that moves the LEAST.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the muscle origin usually located?

<p>Proximal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'insertion' refer to in muscle attachment?

<p>Refers to the more movable attachment of muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the muscle insertion usually located?

<p>Distal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is palpation?

<p>Using physical touch to feel and identify structures of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a tensile force?

<p>A pull.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a compressive force?

<p>A push.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bone made up of?

<p>Calcium and collagen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cortical bone?

<p>Rigid mineral bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cancellous bone?

<p>Spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is articular cartilage?

<p>Multiple layers of dense connective tissue at the ends of long bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of articular cartilage?

<p>To absorb shock and reduce friction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ligaments?

<p>Structures for joint stability, connecting bone to bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a tendon?

<p>A structure connecting muscle to bone, which transfers muscle force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a joint capsule?

<p>Dense fibers that surround a synovial joint, providing passive stability to joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ fluid is located in joint capsules.

<p>synovial</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is aponeurosis?

<p>A fibrous sheet of tissue connecting muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of movement are completed in the frontal plane?

<p>Adduction and abduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of movement are completed in the sagittal plane?

<p>Flexion and extension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of movement are completed in the transverse plane?

<p>Rotation (usually pivot joints).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of muscle are involuntary?

<p>Cardiac and smooth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is cardiac muscle found?

<p>The heart and myocardium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is smooth muscle found?

<p>In the lining of the digestive system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does skeletal muscle act on?

<p>Bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'supine' mean?

<p>Lying on the back.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'prone' mean?

<p>Lying face down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is muscle made of?

<p>Muscle fibers aka cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds each muscle fiber?

<p>Endomysium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are groups of muscle fibers called?

<p>Fascicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What wraps fascicles?

<p>Perimysium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ surrounds a group of fascicles forming muscles.

<p>epimysium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are myofibrils?

<p>Protein structures that make up muscle fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sarcomeres?

<p>Units composed of actin and myosin that contract inside the muscle fiber.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is myosin?

<p>The thick filament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is actin?

<p>The thin filaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are slow-twitch muscle fibers?

<p>A type of muscle that contracts slowly and is fatigue resistant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are fast-twitch muscle fibers?

<p>Muscle fibers that react quickly and fatigue quickly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines pennate muscle fibers?

<p>They form an oblique angle to the tendon of the muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines multipennate muscle fibers?

<p>Fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines bipennate muscle fibers?

<p>Fascicles approach tendon from both sides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines unipennate muscle fibers?

<p>Fascicles insert into one side of tendon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are fusiform muscles?

<p>Muscles where fibers are oriented parallel to the line of force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sphincter muscles?

<p>Muscles where fibers are arranged in a circle around a structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common lever in the body?

<p>Third class levers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a first class lever?

<p>The fulcrum is positioned between the effort and resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines second class levers?

<p>The resistive force is closer to the axis (fulcrum) than the exerted force, with both forces on the same side of the axis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines third class levers?

<p>A lever with exerted and resistive forces on the same side of an axis, where the exerted force is closer to the axis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a plane joint?

<p>A joint that permits gliding or sliding movements in the plane of the articular surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hinge joint?

<p>A joint that permits movement in one plane, ex. flexion or extension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are saddle joints?

<p>Biaxial joints allowing movement in 2 planes: sagittal and frontal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What movements can saddle joints perform?

<p>Circumduction, adduction, abduction, flexion, and extension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a condyloid joint?

<p>A biaxial joint with movement in one plane being greater than the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What movements can condyloid joints perform?

<p>Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ball and socket joints?

<p>Joints that permit movement in multiple axes and planes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of joint is most movable?

<p>Ball and socket.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sacrificed for more mobility in joints?

<p>Stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are pivot joints?

<p>Joints that permit rotation around a central axis and are uniaxial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the convex-concave rule?

<p>A rule that describes how the differences in shapes of bone ends require joint surfaces to move in a specific way during joint movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are collecting ducts in the lymphatic system?

<p>Lymphatic vessels that empty lymph into the right lymphatic duct and left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is edema?

<p>An excess of interstitial fluid, presenting as swelling in an extremity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lymph?

<p>Also called lymphatic fluid. This is a collection of extra fluid that drains tissues and cells that are not reabsorbed in the capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lymph nodes?

<p>Bean-shaped glands that clean and monitor lymph.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lymphatic vessels?

<p>A network of vessels and capillaries through the body that transport lymph away from tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lymphedema?

<p>A condition in which there is localized edema, occurring when the lymph does not drain properly from an area in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lymphatic system's main function?

<p>To maintain a balance of fluid in the internal environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the lymphatic system considered a component of the circulatory system?

<p>Because it is made up of lymph derived from blood and tissue fluid, and the lymphatic vessels transport this lymph back to the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique transport function does the lymphatic system serve by returning substances to general circulation?

<p>It returns proteins, fats, tissue fluid, and other substances to the general circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do lymphatic vessels differ from blood vessels in terms of structure?

<p>Unlike vessels in the circulatory system, lymphatic vessels do not form a closed ring, but instead begin randomly (as blind-ended capillaries) in the intercellular spaces of soft tissues of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lymph also known as and what does it look like?

<p>Lymphatic tissue; it presents as clear, watery fluid found in the lymphatic vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is interstitial fluid?

<p>Fluid in the spaces between cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the general path of the Lymphoid Drainage System.

<p>Superficial lymphatic vessels follow venous drainage -&gt; deep lymphatic vessels joined by arteries and receive drainage from internal organs -&gt; superficial and deep arteries become larger as they merge into adjacent structures of the body -&gt; large lymphatic vessels enter large collecting ducts (lymphatic trunks) -&gt; trunks merge to form right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the right lymphatic duct drain?

<p>Drains the lymph fluid from the body's right side of the head, neck, trunk, and right upper limb.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the right lymphatic duct empty?

<p>It enters the junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins (right venous angle) at the root of the neck.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the thoracic duct drain?

<p>Lymph fluid from most of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the lymphatic duct collecting from the abdomen and lower extremities drain initially?

<p>Into the dilated collecting sac (cisterna chyli).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the path of the thoracic duct after the collecting sac (cisterna chyli).

<p>From the collecting sac, the thoracic duct ascends into and then through the thorax to enter the left venous angle, including the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are other functions of the lymphoid system besides fluid balance?

<p>Absorption and transport of fat, and formation of defense mechanisms of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the lymphatic system function as a defense mechanism of the body?

<p>By draining foreign proteins from infected areas of the body, and creating antibodies specific to the protein produced by immunologically competent cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if lymphatic tissues or nodes are damaged, destroyed, or removed?

<p>Lymph cannot drain normally from the involved area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Arthrokinesis

Movement pattern relative to bone surface movement within a joint, usually more internal.

Axis of motion

A line, real or imaginary, around which an object rotates.

Biomechanics

The study of movement, encompassing mechanics of living organisms.

Closed chain movement

Functional movements where the distal segment is fixed, and the proximal aspect of the joint moves.

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Elasticity

A muscle's ability to return to its original length after being stretched.

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End-feel

The sensation felt at the end of a joint's passive range of motion.

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Functional anatomy

The study of body structures and how they relate to movement.

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Functional mobility

The process of moving the body from one place to another.

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Isotonic contraction

A muscle contraction where the muscle length changes and produces joint motion.

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Isometric contraction

A muscle contraction that doesn't change muscle length or produce joint motion.

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Kinesiology

The study of anatomical structures and mechanics related to human movement.

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Length-tension relationship

The relationship between a muscle's strength and its length or stretch during contraction.

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Occupational performance

Engaging in activities that are meaningful to an individual, group, or population.

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Occupations

Everyday activities that people do to find meaning and purpose in life.

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Open chain movements

Movements where the distal segment of a joint moves freely in space.

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Osteokinematics

Movement of bones around a joint axis.

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Performance patterns

Habits, routines, rituals, and roles that influence occupational performance.

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Performance skills

Actions involving motor processes and social interactions that contribute to occupational performance.

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Surface anatomy

Study of general form and superficial markings of the body.

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Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)

Basic self-care tasks like eating, dressing, bathing, and toileting.

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Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)

Activities beyond basic ADLs required for independence, like shopping, cooking and finances.

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Origin (muscle)

The muscle attachment that moves the least during contraction.

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Origin location

Typically the more proximal attachment point of a muscle.

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Insertion (muscle)

The more movable attachment point of a muscle.

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Insertion location

Typically the more distal attachment point of a muscle

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Palpation

Using physical touch to feel and identify body structures.

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Tensile Force

A pulling force.

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Compressive Force

A pushing force.

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Bone composition

Calcium and collagen

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Cortical bone

The rigid, mineralized outer layer of bone.

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Cancellous bone

Spongy, porous bone tissue on the inside of bones.

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Articular cartilage

Dense connective tissue covering the ends of long bones within joints.

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Function of articular cartilage

Absorbing shock and reducing friction within joints.

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Ligaments

Connect bone to bone for joint stability.

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Tendon

Connect muscle to bone, transferring muscle force.

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Joint capsule

Dense fibers surrounding a synovial joint, providing passive stability.

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Fluid in joint capsules

Synovial fluid

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Aponeurosis

A fibrous sheet of tissue connecting muscles.

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Frontal plane movements

Adduction and abduction.

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Sagittal plane movements

Flexion and extension.

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Transverse plane movements

Rotation.

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Involuntary muscle types

Cardiac and smooth muscle.

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Location of cardiac muscle

The heart and myocardium.

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Location of smooth muscle

The lining of the digestive system.

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Skeletal muscle acts on

Bone.

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Supine position

Lying on the back.

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Prone position

Lying face down.

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Muscle composition

Muscle fibers (cells).

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Surrounds each muscle fiber

Endomysium

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Groups of muscle fibers

Fascicles

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Wraps fascicles

Perimysium

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Surrounds a group of fascicles forming muscles

Epimysium

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Myofibrils

Protein structures that make up muscle fibers.

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Sarcomeres

Units composed of actin and myosin that contract inside the muscle fiber.

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Myosin

The thick filament in sarcomeres.

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Actin

The thin filament in sarcomeres.

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Slow-twitch muscle

Muscle that contracts slowly and resists fatigue.

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Fast-twitch muscle

Muscle fibers that react quickly but fatigue quickly.

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Pennate muscle fibers

Muscle fibers forming an oblique angle to the tendon.

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Multipennate

Fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons.

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Bipennate

Fascicles approach tendon from both sides.

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Unipennate

Fascicles insert into one side of tendon.

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Fusiform muscles

Fibers oriented parallel to the line of force.

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Sphincter muscles

Fibers arranged in a circle around a structure.

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Most common lever in body

Third class levers

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First class lever

The fulcrum is positioned between the effort and resistance.

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Second class levers

Resistive force closer to axis than exerted force on the same side

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Third class levers

Exerted and resistive forces on the same side of an axis, exerted force closer to the axis

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Plane joint

Permits gliding or sliding movements in the plane of the articular surface.

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Hinge joint

Permits movement in one plane, e.g., flexion or extension.

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Saddle joints

Biaxial joints allowing movement in two planes: sagittal and frontal.

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Movements of saddle joints

Circumduction, adduction, abduction, flexion, and extension.

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Condyloid joint

Biaxial joint with movement in one plane being greater than the other.

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Movements of condyloid joints

Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

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Ball and socket joint

Permits movement in multiple axes and planes.

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Most movable joint

Ball and socket

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More mobility sacrifices

Stability.

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Pivot joints

Permits rotation around a central axis and are uniaxial.

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Convex-concave rule

Describes how the differences in shapes of bone ends require joint surfaces to move in a specific way during joint movement

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Collecting ducts

Lymphatic vessels that empty lymph into the right and left lymphatic ducts

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Edema

Excess of interstitial fluid, presents as swelling in an extremity.

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Lymph

A collection of extra fluid that drains tissues and cells, not reabsorbed in capillaries.

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Lymphatic system function

The lymphatic system's main function is to maintain a balance of fluid in the internal environment

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Lymphatic system and blood vessels

Lymphatic system is a component of the circulatory system because it is made up of lymph derived from blood and tissue fluid in the lymphatic vessels that transport lymph to blood

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Lymphatic Unique Transport

Serves as a unique transport function by returning proteins, fats, tissue fluid, and other substances to the general circulation

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Unlike Blood Vessels, Lymphatic Vessels

Unlike vessels in the circulatory system, lymphatic vessels do not form a closed ring, but instead begin randomly in the intercellular spaces of soft tissues of the body

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Lymph presents as

lymphatic tissue, clear, water fluid found in the lymphatic vessels

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Interstitial fluid

Fluid in the spaces between cells

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Lymphoid Drainage System

superficial lymphatic vessels follow venous drainage -> deep lymphatic vessels joined by arteries and receive drainage from internal organs -> superficial and deep arteries become larger as they merge into adjacent structures of the body -> large lymphatic vessels enter large collecting ducts (lymphatic trunks) -> trunk merge to form right lymphatic duct

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Right Lymphatic Duct

Drains the lymph fluid from the body's right side of the head, neck, trunk, and right upper limb

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right lymphatic duct location

the junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian venous

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thoracic duct drains

lymph fluid from most of the body

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lymphatic duct drains the

abdomen and lower extremities into the dilated collecting sac

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the thoracic duct ascends into and then through the

thorax to enter the left venous angle including junction of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

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Other functions of the lymphoid system

Absorption and transport of fat, Formation of defense mechanism of the body

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how does the lymphatic system Form a defense mechanism of the body

by draining foreign proteins from infected area of the body, and creating antibodies specific to the protein are produced by the immunologically competent cells

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Lymphatic tissues or nodes that have been damaged, destroyed, or removed cannot

drain normally from the involved area

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Study Notes

Arthrokinesis

  • Describes movement patterns between bone surfaces within a joint.
  • Usually involves more internal movements.

Axis of Motion

  • A line around which an object rotates.

Biomechanics

  • The study of movement.

Closed Chain Movement

  • Functional movements where the distal segment is fixed.
  • The proximal aspect of the joint moves in relation to this fixed point.

Elasticity

  • Muscular ability to stretch.

End-Feel

  • The sensation felt at the end range of passive range of motion (ROM) in a joint.

Functional Anatomy

  • The study of body structures and their relationship to movement.

Functional Mobility

  • The process of moving the body from one place to another.

Isotonic

  • Muscle contraction that changes muscle length.
  • Produces joint motion.

Isometric

  • Muscle contraction that doesn't change muscle length.
  • No joint motion is produced.

Kinesiology

  • The study of anatomical structures and mechanics related to human movement.

Length-Tension Relationship

  • Muscle strength is related to its length/stretch during contraction.

Occupational Performance

  • Engaging in meaningful activities as an individual, group, or population.

Occupations

  • Everyday activities providing meaning and purpose to life.

Open Chain Movements

  • Occur when the distal segment of a joint moves freely in space.
  • An example for the knee joint is leg extension exercise on a machine.

Osteokinematics

  • Movement of bones around a joint axis.

Performance Patterns

  • Include habits, routines, rituals, and roles.

Performance Skills

  • Actions involving motor processes and social interactions.
  • They contribute to occupational performance.

Surface Anatomy

  • The study of general body form and superficial markings.

Activities of Daily Living (ADL)

  • Basic activities a person usually accomplishes during a normal day.
  • Examples are eating, dressing, and bathing.

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)

  • Activities necessary for independence in society beyond basic self-care.
  • Examples include shopping, preparing meals, banking, and taking medications.

Origin

  • The muscle attachment that moves the least.
  • It is usually proximal.

Insertion

  • The more movable attachment of a muscle.
  • It is usually distal.

Palpation

  • Using physical touch to identify body structures.

Tensile Force

  • A pulling force.

Compressive Force

  • A pushing force.

Bone Composition

  • Bone is made of calcium and collagen.

Cortical Bone

  • Rigid, mineralized bone.

Cancellous Bone

  • Spongy, porous bone tissue in the inner part of a bone.

Articular Cartilage

  • Multiple layers of dense connective tissue at the ends of long bones.
  • Its function is to absorb shock and reduce friction.

Ligaments

  • Connect bone to bone providing joint stability.

Tendon

  • Connects muscle to bone.
  • Transfers muscle force.

Joint Capsule

  • Dense fibers surrounding a synovial joint which provides passive stability.

Synovial Fluid

  • Located in joint capsules.

Aponeurosis

  • A fibrous sheet of tissue connecting muscles.

Movements in the Frontal Plane

  • Adduction and abduction.

Movements in the Sagittal Plane

  • Flexion and extension.

Movements in the Transverse Plane

  • Rotation, usually at pivot joints.

Involuntary Muscle Types

  • Cardiac and smooth muscle.

Cardiac Muscle Location

  • Found in the heart and myocardium.

Smooth Muscle Location

  • Found in the lining of the digestive system.

Skeletal Muscle Action

  • Acts on bone.

Supine

  • Lying on the back.

Prone

  • Lying face down.

Muscle Composition

  • Made of muscle fibers, also known as cells.

Endomysium

  • Surrounds each muscle fiber.

Fascicles

  • Groups of muscle fibers.

Perimysium

  • Wraps fascicles.

Epimysium

  • Surrounds a group of fascicles forming muscles.

Myofibrils

  • Protein structures that make up muscle fibers.

Sarcomeres

  • Units composed of actin and myosin that contract inside the muscle fiber.

Myosin

  • Thick filament.

Actin

  • Thin filament.

Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers

  • Contract slowly and are fatigue resistant.

Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers

  • React quickly but fatigue quickly.

Pennate Muscle Fibers

  • Form an oblique angle to the tendon of the muscle.

Multipennate Muscles

  • Fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons.

Bipennate Muscles

  • Fascicles approach tendon from both sides.

Unipennate Muscles

  • Fascicles insert into one side of the tendon.

Fusiform Muscles

  • Fibers are oriented parallel to the line of force.

Sphincter Muscles

  • Fibers are arranged in a circle around a structure.

Most Common Lever in the Body

  • Third class levers.

First Class Lever

  • The fulcrum is positioned between the effort and resistance.

Second Class Levers

  • The resistive force is closer to the axis than the exerted force on the same side.

Third Class Levers

  • Exerted and resistive forces are on the same side of an axis with the exerted force closer to the axis.

Plane Joint

  • Permits gliding or sliding movements in the plane of the articular surface.

Hinge Joint

  • Permits movement in one plane (flexion or extension).

Saddle Joints

  • Biaxial joints allowing movement in 2 planes (sagittal and frontal).
  • Can perform circumduction, adduction, abduction, flexion, and extension.

Condyloid Joint

  • Biaxial joint with movement in one plane being greater than the other.
  • Can perform flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Ball and Socket Joint

  • Permits movement in multiple axes and planes.
  • The most movable type of joint.

Mobility vs Stability

  • More mobility is sacrificed for stability.

Pivot Joints

  • Permits rotation around a central axis and are uniaxial.

Convex-Concave Rule

  • Describes how the differences in shapes of bone ends require joint surfaces to move in a specific way during joint movement.

Collecting Ducts

  • Lymphatic vessels that empty lymph into the right lymphatic duct and left lymphatic duct.

Edema

  • An excess of interstitial fluid, presenting as swelling in an extremity.

Lymph

  • A collection of extra fluid that drains tissues and cells not reabsorbed in capillaries.
  • Also called lymphatic fluid.

Lymph Nodes

  • Bean-shaped glands that clean and monitor lymph.

Lymphatic Vessels

  • A network of vessels and capillaries transporting lymph away from tissues throughout the body.

Lymphedema

  • A condition in which there is localized edema.
  • Occurs when lymph does not drain from an area in the body.

Lymphatic System's Main Function

  • To maintain a balance of fluid in the internal environment.

Lymphatic System as a Component of the Circulatory System

  • It is made up of lymph derived from blood and tissue fluid.
  • Vessels transport lymph to the blood.

Lymphatic System's Unique Transport Function

  • Returns proteins, fats, tissue fluid, and other substances to the general circulation.

Lymphatic Vessels vs Circulatory System Vessels

  • Lymphatic vessels do not form a closed ring.
  • Begin randomly in the intercellular spaces of soft tissues.

Lymph as Lymphatic Tissue

  • Presents as clear, watery fluid found in lymphatic vessels.

Interstitial Fluid

  • Fluid in the spaces between cells.

Lymphoid Drainage System

  • Superficial lymphatic vessels follow venous drainage.
  • Deep lymphatic vessels are joined by arteries and receive drainage from internal organs.
  • Superficial and deep arteries become larger as they merge into adjacent structures.
  • Larger lymphatic vessels enter large collecting ducts (lymphatic trunks).
  • Trunks merge to form the right lymphatic duct.

Right Lymphatic Duct

  • Drains lymph fluid from the right side of the head, neck, trunk, and right upper limb.
  • Located at the right venous angle root of the neck, entering the junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins.

Thoracic Duct

  • Drains lymph fluid from most of the body.
  • Drains the abdomen and lower extremities into a dilated collecting sac.

Thoracic Duct Ascent

  • Ascends into and through the thorax from the collecting sac.
  • Enters the left venous angle, including the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins.

Other Functions of the Lymphoid System

  • Absorption and transport of fat.
  • Formation of the body's defense mechanisms.

Defense Mechanism Formation

  • Occurs by draining foreign proteins from infected areas.
  • Antibodies specific to the protein are created by immunologically competent cells.

Consequences of Damaged/Removed Lymphatic Tissues/Nodes

  • The involved area cannot drain normally.

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