Kinesiology 100 Final Exam Review

Questions and Answers

What are the strengths of accelerometers?

They take human recall out of the equation, can be worn throughout the day, and allow multi-day storage of data for measuring physical activity.

How do physical activity and obesity differ by gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographic location?

Men do more physical activity than women; white adults are more active than Black and Hispanic adults; higher education and income correlate with increased activity; urban adults are more active than rural adults.

What are point-of-decision prompts?

Signs placed in locations to prompt physical activity, recommending stair use for health benefits.

What are behavioral and social approaches to increase physical activity?

They teach behavioral management skills needed for behavior change and create social environments that encourage physical activity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the National Physical Activity Plan (NPAP)?

A set of policies, programs, and initiatives designed to increase physical activity. Signup and view all the answers

What are the nine societal sectors that the NPAP is organized around?

Business and industry, community, recreation, fitness and parks, education, faith-based settings, health care, mass media, public health, sport, transportation, land use, and community design. Signup and view all the answers

What does the word 'philosophy' mean?

Love of wisdom. Signup and view all the answers

Who was considered to be a philosopher in ancient Greece?

Aristotle. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main tasks of philosophy?

Provide definitions and give meaning to life. Signup and view all the answers

What is ontology?

A branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of reality and the study of existence. Signup and view all the answers

What is epistemology?

The study of the scope of knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

What is ethics?

A branch of philosophy concerned with questions related to what is right and wrong. Signup and view all the answers

'What is knowledge?' is a __________ question.

epistemological Signup and view all the answers

'Why is chess a sport?' is a/an ___________ question.

ontological Signup and view all the answers

'Are fantasy sports games of luck or of skill?' is a ____________ question.

ontological Signup and view all the answers

'Is soccer more exciting and beautiful than any other sport?' is a/an __________ question.

aesthetical Signup and view all the answers

'Should football be banned because participants are likely to develop brain diseases?' is ______.

ethics Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of exercise is illustrated by 'human beings are hardwired to exercise'?

recapitulation theory Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the NPAP?

It aims to address disparities in physical activity. Signup and view all the answers

What does Dr. Dyreson claim is the best definition of kinesiology?

The explanation of human movement Signup and view all the answers

According to Dr. Dyreson, what are the basic characteristics of 'meaningful movement'?

Something that can be voluntary or involuntary, it creates something of value or worth, and has significance beyond simple physical vitality and wellness. Signup and view all the answers

What 'foundations' of the field of kinesiology did Kines 100 explore?

Physical activity in health, wellness, quality, scientific foundations of physical activity, cultural/historical, philosophy and psychological foundations of physical activity, the practice of physical activity. Signup and view all the answers

On average, how many hours per week do experts estimate that our ancestors worked hunting and gathering?

20 hours Signup and view all the answers

How has human height changed over the history of our species?

We got shorter. Signup and view all the answers

How did the neolithic revolution change human bodies?

Moved less, lived longer but not as healthy. Signup and view all the answers

What can you 'read' by looking at the sports and other physical activities of a culture according to Clifford Geertz?

How the society functions and important values in society. Signup and view all the answers

In 'The Sports Gene,' how many people are likely to have all specific genes that would make someone a superior distance runner?

No one. Signup and view all the answers

In 'The Republic,' what two types of education should guardians be schooled in?

Music and gymnastics. Signup and view all the answers

What set of inter-related characteristics did Bernd Heinrich identify as key to making human ancestors into 'super-endurance predators'?

Bipedalism and end vision. Signup and view all the answers

How did Chris MacDougall describe 'Tarahumaraland' in 'Born to Run'?

They have the best endurance and eat whatever they want. Signup and view all the answers

What alternative view to MacDougall's claims about 'Tarahumaraland' did Dr. Dyreson raise?

High poverty and mortality rates; no places for health. Signup and view all the answers

How has the evolutionary history of our species created two major problems for our twenty-first-century world?

Binge eating and access to unhealthy foods. Signup and view all the answers

What was considered the most important change in human history?

Change from hunting and gathering to farming. Signup and view all the answers

Which American presidents advocated engagement by the nation's youth in sport and exercise?

Teddy Roosevelt, Barack Obama, and JFK. Signup and view all the answers

Who is George Weah and what did he do for his nation?

He was a professional soccer player and brought physical activity and success back to his country. Signup and view all the answers

What do Americans celebrate at the 'Super Bowl Sunday' holiday according to Peter Hopsicker and Mark Dyreson?

They celebrate commercialism and football. Signup and view all the answers

How many of the 46 NFL player brains examined tested positive for CTE?

<ol start="45"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

When NFL Commissioner Robert Goodell testified before Congress, what industry was the NFL's denial compared to?

Tobacco industry. Signup and view all the answers

Who proclaimed, 'Sport can create hope where once there was only despair'?

Nelson Mandela. Signup and view all the answers

What surprising recent 'fad' did Dr. López y Frías discuss about 'meaningful movement'?

Pokemon Go. Signup and view all the answers

What does the word 'philosophy' mean?

Clarify concepts, give meaning to life. Signup and view all the answers

Who does Althusser think philosophers are?

The active reflective attitude towards inherited views of the world. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the five branches of philosophy presented in class.

Logic, ethics, aesthetics, epistemology, and ontology. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the main differences between the five theories of physical exercise presented in class.

Surplus Energy Theory, Instinct Practice Theory, Recapitulation Theory, Recuperation and recreation theory. Signup and view all the answers

What is philosophers' preferred theory?

Autotelic; exercise is intrinsically valuable in itself. Signup and view all the answers

Why do humans play?

Freely chosen; poses as an escape. Signup and view all the answers

What is an intrinsic value as opposed to an extrinsic one?

Meaning in itself; extrinsic, doing it for something else of value. Signup and view all the answers

Why does the use of the exercise pill hinder the pursuit of intrinsic goods?

Hinders because it takes away the exercise and just gives results. Signup and view all the answers

According to Sigmund Loland, should we take the exercise pill?

No, it takes away the intrinsic values that exercise offers. Signup and view all the answers

What strategies could we use to motivate people to exercise more often?

Meaningful games; create playgrounds. Signup and view all the answers

Do you think we should portray physical exercise as an obligation or as a playground?

Playground. Signup and view all the answers

The two primary goals of philosophy are?

Providing definitions and finding meaning to life. Signup and view all the answers

What is ethics?

The branch of philosophy dealing with what is right or wrong, good or bad. Signup and view all the answers

According to Mark Dyreson, who were the 'footrunners' and what did they tell the press?

They were Mexicans from the Tarahumara tribe; we don't know. Signup and view all the answers

What connection does Richard Mandell explain about ancient and modern ideas regarding sport?

Sport is important, athletes were role models, sport is education through the physical. Signup and view all the answers

What is the oldest reading that indicates society feared a lack of commitment to exercise?

Plato. Signup and view all the answers

What is sports and exercise psychology?

The study of human thought, emotion, and behavior in physical activity. Signup and view all the answers

What is public health?

The science and practice of protecting and improving the health of a community. Signup and view all the answers

What is sport?

An activity involving physical exertion and skill competing against others. Signup and view all the answers

What is exercise?

Organized activity requiring physical effort carried out to sustain or improve health. Signup and view all the answers

What is physical activity?

A bodily movement above resting levels often to enhance or maintain fitness. Signup and view all the answers

What is physical inactivity?

Insufficient participation in physical activity during leisure time. Signup and view all the answers

What is the domain of physical activity?

Leisure, occupation, household, domestic, and self-care. Signup and view all the answers

Where do exercise and sport fit within the domains of physical activity?

Leisure. Signup and view all the answers

What are the current physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents?

60 minutes or more of physical activity every day. Signup and view all the answers

What are the current physical activity guidelines for adults and older adults?

150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity every week. Signup and view all the answers

According to the biopsychosocial perspective, what three factors influence a person's health behaviors?

Biology, psychology, society. Signup and view all the answers

What is Social Cognitive Theory?

Adds to the Operant Learning Theory. Signup and view all the answers

What are the limitations of Social Cognitive Theory?

Too broad, lacks a single unifying principle. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Transtheoretical Model (TTM)?

Developed to identify common themes across different intervention theories. Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of TTM?

Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, relapse/termination. Signup and view all the answers

What is the intrapersonal level?

Individual characteristics that influence behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the interpersonal level?

Interpersonal processes and primary groups. Signup and view all the answers

What is the community level?

Rules, regulations, policies, and informal structures. Signup and view all the answers

What are community factors?

Social networks and norms which exist among individuals, groups, and organizations. Signup and view all the answers

What is public policy?

Local, state, and federal policies that regulate healthy actions. Signup and view all the answers

How do we define and measure physical activity?

Defining frequency, duration, intensity, type. Signup and view all the answers

What are the limitations of using accelerometers to measure physical activity?

They may not capture all activity types accurately. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Kinesiology and Human Movement

Kinesiology is defined as the explanation of human movement.
Meaningful movement can be voluntary or involuntary, has value and significance beyond physical health.

Foundations of Kinesiology

Explored foundations include:
- Health and wellness through physical activity.
- Scientific, cultural, historical, philosophical, and psychological underpinnings of physical activity.
- Practical applications related to exercise and movement.

Anthropological Insights

Early Homo sapiens spent around 20 hours per week on hunting and gathering.
Human height generally decreased over time.
The Neolithic revolution resulted in a lifestyle change: people moved less and lived longer but with poorer health.

Cultural Perspectives on Movement

Sports and physical activities reflect societal values and functions, as posited by Clifford Geertz's "Deep Play."
In "Born to Run," the Tarahumara people are depicted as a utopia of endurance, though this view is challenged by realities of poverty and health issues.

Genetic Factors in Athleticism

No one possesses all 23 genes to be a superior distance runner. The presence of the ACTN3 "speed gene" varies widely. Genetics' influence on performance is also contingent upon individual motivation.

Philosophical Underpinnings

Plato advocated for a balanced education in music and gymnastics for guardians in his ideal society.
The practice of meaningful movement was also explored through the lens of contemporary activities like Pokémon Go.

Core Principles of Philosophy

Philosophy seeks to clarify concepts and provide meaning to life.
The five branches of philosophy covered include ethics, aesthetics, ontology, epistemology, and logic.

Theories of Exercise

The Autotelic Theory suggests that exercise is valuable in itself, contrasting with other theories focused on surplus energy or recuperation.

Understanding Physical Activity

Categories of physicality encompass leisure, occupation, household, and transport.
Current guidelines recommend at least 60 minutes of physical activity for children, and for adults, 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous activity weekly.

Health Behavior Influences

The biopsychosocial perspective underscores the role of biology, psychology, and social factors on health behaviors.
Social Cognitive Theory emphasizes behavioral capability, self-efficacy, and outcome expectancies.

Intervention Frameworks

The Transtheoretical Model outlines stages of behavioral change:
- Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and relapse/termination.
Intervention strategies are categorized into informational, behavioral, social, environmental, and policy approaches.

Public Health and Exercise

Public health practices aim to enhance community health through various methods, such as controlling diseases and promoting health education.
Disparities in physical activity and obesity exist across different demographics, influenced by gender, race, socioeconomic status, and geography.

National Physical Activity Plan (NPAP)

The NPAP aims to serve as a comprehensive framework to promote increased physical activity across the nation.### National Physical Activity Plan (NPAP)
NPAP comprises policies and initiatives aimed at increasing physical activity and enhancing health, preventing disease, and improving life quality.
The initiative targets all segments of the U.S. population, emphasizing inclusivity and diversity.
Recognizes significant disparities in physical activity across different demographics, including gender, age, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and abilities.

Societal Sectors Addressed by NPAP

NPAP is organized around nine key sectors:
- Business and Industry
- Community, Recreation, Fitness, and Parks
- Education
- Faith-Based Settings
- Health Care
- Mass Media
- Public Health
- Sport
- Transportation, Land Use, and Community Design

Philosophy Overview

Philosophy is defined as the "love of wisdom," involving a critical attitude towards life.
Historically, Aristotle is recognized as a foundational philosopher in ancient Greece.

Main Tasks of Philosophy

Two primary tasks include:
- Providing definitions
- Exploring the meaning of life

Benefits of Kinesiologists Collaborating with Philosophers

Kinesiologists can gain insights through philosophical definitions and understanding of life’s meaning.

Sub-disciplines of Philosophy

Differences among the sub-disciplines include their specific focus areas, such as existence, ethics, logic, and aesthetics.

Althusser's Views on Philosophy

Althusser asserts that to be called a philosopher requires an active, reflective attitude towards inherited worldviews.
He argues that while philosophy itself cannot be taught, the attitude necessary for philosophizing can be instilled.

Distinction in Philosophy and Sciences

Philosophers often revisit past texts while scientists are characterized by progressive advancement of theories.

Idealism vs. Materialism

Althusser draws a distinction to critique idealism and advocate for a materialistic perspective in philosophy.

Branches of Philosophy

Areas of study include:
- Ontology: Nature of reality and existence
- Aesthetics: Concerns with beauty and art
- Epistemology: Scope and nature of knowledge
- Ethics: Questions of right and wrong
- Logic: Principles of argument validity

Philosophical Questions and Their Branches

"What is knowledge?" is an epistemological question.
"Why is chess a sport?" and questions about fantasy sports being of luck or skill are ontological inquiries.
Ethically, questions like banning football due to health risks relate to ethical considerations.

Theories of Exercise

Recapitulation Theory: Suggests humans are inherently built to exercise.
Recuperation Theory: Highlights the need for physical activity as a break from routine after periods of inactivity.

Values in Exercise

An example of intrinsic value in exercise is derived from the concept of fun.

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Description

Prepare for your Kinesiology 100 final exam with these comprehensive flashcards. Each card covers essential definitions and concepts as outlined by Dr. Dyreson, focusing on human movement and its significance. This is an excellent resource for understanding the fundamentals of kinesiology.