Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes a projectile in the context of biomechanics?
Which of the following best describes a projectile in the context of biomechanics?
- An object launched into the air by an external force.
- A body in free fall subject to gravity and air resistance. (correct)
- Any object moving through the air.
- A body in free fall subject only to gravity.
In projectile motion, the horizontal component is influenced by gravity.
In projectile motion, the horizontal component is influenced by gravity.
False (B)
What value is the constant acceleration due to gravity near the Earth's surface, in m/s²?
What value is the constant acceleration due to gravity near the Earth's surface, in m/s²?
-9.81
The pattern of change in the vertical velocity of a projectile is ________ about the apex.
The pattern of change in the vertical velocity of a projectile is ________ about the apex.
Match the factors with their influence on projectile trajectory:
Match the factors with their influence on projectile trajectory:
If two balls are released from the same height, one dropped vertically and the other projected horizontally, which will hit the ground first (neglecting air resistance)?
If two balls are released from the same height, one dropped vertically and the other projected horizontally, which will hit the ground first (neglecting air resistance)?
Air resistance always has a significant influence on projectile motion and should always be included in calculations.
Air resistance always has a significant influence on projectile motion and should always be included in calculations.
What term describes the flight path of the centre of gravity of a projectile?
What term describes the flight path of the centre of gravity of a projectile?
________ angle is defined as the direction of the instantaneous velocity at take off with respect to the horizontal.
________ angle is defined as the direction of the instantaneous velocity at take off with respect to the horizontal.
Match the relative projection height with the optimum projection angle for maximum range:
Match the relative projection height with the optimum projection angle for maximum range:
Which factor influences the flight time of a projectile, neglecting air resistance?
Which factor influences the flight time of a projectile, neglecting air resistance?
If the projection speed is constant, a smaller projection angle will always result in a shorter horizontal distance.
If the projection speed is constant, a smaller projection angle will always result in a shorter horizontal distance.
In projectile motion, if there are no horizontal forces (neglecting air resistance), what is the horizontal acceleration?
In projectile motion, if there are no horizontal forces (neglecting air resistance), what is the horizontal acceleration?
In the equation $d = v_1t + \frac{1}{2}at^2$, 'd' represents ________.
In the equation $d = v_1t + \frac{1}{2}at^2$, 'd' represents ________.
Match the following variables with the factors they influence in projectile motion (neglecting air resistance):
Match the following variables with the factors they influence in projectile motion (neglecting air resistance):
What is the vertical speed of the soccer ball at the apex of its flight?
What is the vertical speed of the soccer ball at the apex of its flight?
The trajectory of a projectile is symmetrical even when the projection and landing heights are different.
The trajectory of a projectile is symmetrical even when the projection and landing heights are different.
What happens to horizontal speed of a projectile during its flight, if air resistance is neglected?
What happens to horizontal speed of a projectile during its flight, if air resistance is neglected?
___________ is the magnitude of instantaneous velocity at take off.
___________ is the magnitude of instantaneous velocity at take off.
Match the terms to their corresponding equations for constant acceleration:
Match the terms to their corresponding equations for constant acceleration:
If an object is projected upwards, which equation is used to find the time to reach its maximum height (apex), where $v_{y1}$ is the initial vertical velocity?
If an object is projected upwards, which equation is used to find the time to reach its maximum height (apex), where $v_{y1}$ is the initial vertical velocity?
The peak vertical displacement of a projectile is directly proportional to the initial vertical velocity.
The peak vertical displacement of a projectile is directly proportional to the initial vertical velocity.
Based on the equations of constant acceleration, what two factors influence the time to peak height of a projectile?
Based on the equations of constant acceleration, what two factors influence the time to peak height of a projectile?
If a projectile is released and lands at the same height, its relative projection height is ________.
If a projectile is released and lands at the same height, its relative projection height is ________.
Match each scenario with its correct description regarding projectile motion:
Match each scenario with its correct description regarding projectile motion:
If the projection speed is doubled while the projection angle remains constant, what happens to the range of the projectile (assuming the landing height is the same as the projection height)?
If the projection speed is doubled while the projection angle remains constant, what happens to the range of the projectile (assuming the landing height is the same as the projection height)?
The horizontal and vertical components of projectile motion are independent of each other.
The horizontal and vertical components of projectile motion are independent of each other.
In biomechanics, what is the primary force that affects the vertical component of projectile motion?
In biomechanics, what is the primary force that affects the vertical component of projectile motion?
According to the equations of constant acceleration, if a projectile's initial vertical velocity is zero, then its initial vertical ________ is also zero.
According to the equations of constant acceleration, if a projectile's initial vertical velocity is zero, then its initial vertical ________ is also zero.
Match the following factors to how they influence the peak height of a projectile's trajectory:
Match the following factors to how they influence the peak height of a projectile's trajectory:
What distinguishes angular motion from rectilinear and curvilinear motion?
What distinguishes angular motion from rectilinear and curvilinear motion?
Relative angles and absolute angles are measured using the same fixed line of reference.
Relative angles and absolute angles are measured using the same fixed line of reference.
In biomechanics, angular motion primarily involves:
In biomechanics, angular motion primarily involves:
The axis of rotation is always oriented ______ to the plane in which the rotation occurs.
The axis of rotation is always oriented ______ to the plane in which the rotation occurs.
Match the joint motion with its corresponding plane of motion:
Match the joint motion with its corresponding plane of motion:
Which of the following is an example of a relative angle?
Which of the following is an example of a relative angle?
Absolute angles are also known as joint angles.
Absolute angles are also known as joint angles.
Why is the absolute angle of the trunk with respect to the vertical important in biomechanical studies?
Why is the absolute angle of the trunk with respect to the vertical important in biomechanical studies?
A posture representing ______ degrees must be defined when measuring relative angles.
A posture representing ______ degrees must be defined when measuring relative angles.
The ankle angle is an absolute angle.
The ankle angle is an absolute angle.
What kinematic measure is often used as a measure of muscle length?
What kinematic measure is often used as a measure of muscle length?
Name one tool that can be used to measure relative angles.
Name one tool that can be used to measure relative angles.
What is the definition of angular motion?
What is the definition of angular motion?
Which of the following is a true statement regarding the orientation of the axis of rotation?
Which of the following is a true statement regarding the orientation of the axis of rotation?
Flexion and extension occur in the frontal plane.
Flexion and extension occur in the frontal plane.
What is another name for relative angle?
What is another name for relative angle?
Which of the following describes relative angles?
Which of the following describes relative angles?
It is not important to measure consistently in the same direction from a single reference when measuring absolute angles.
It is not important to measure consistently in the same direction from a single reference when measuring absolute angles.
Which of the following is an example of an absolute angle?
Which of the following is an example of an absolute angle?
A segment angle is typically relative to what reference line?
A segment angle is typically relative to what reference line?
The contractile properties of a muscle are also dependent on the length of a muscle. What angular measurement do you need to calculate the moment arm?
The contractile properties of a muscle are also dependent on the length of a muscle. What angular measurement do you need to calculate the moment arm?
What is an inclinometer used for?
What is an inclinometer used for?
A joint angle is formed by two ______.
A joint angle is formed by two ______.
Match the tools with what they measure:
Match the tools with what they measure:
The trunk angle is an example of a relative angle.
The trunk angle is an example of a relative angle.
Abduction and adduction occur in which plane of motion?
Abduction and adduction occur in which plane of motion?
Why is it important to consider the relative angle between the femur and tibia in studies of knee injury?
Why is it important to consider the relative angle between the femur and tibia in studies of knee injury?
Medial/lateral rotation occurs around what axis of rotation?
Medial/lateral rotation occurs around what axis of rotation?
According to studies, low back pain can be related to the ______ angle of the trunk with respect to vertical.
According to studies, low back pain can be related to the ______ angle of the trunk with respect to vertical.
Joint angles are a type of absolute angle.
Joint angles are a type of absolute angle.
What distinguishes angular displacement from angular distance?
What distinguishes angular displacement from angular distance?
The location of the instantaneous center of rotation in a joint remains constant regardless of the joint's position.
The location of the instantaneous center of rotation in a joint remains constant regardless of the joint's position.
Specify three different units of measure suitable for quantifying angular displacement.
Specify three different units of measure suitable for quantifying angular displacement.
For most calculations in angular kinematics, particularly when using angular velocity, displacement, or acceleration, angles must be converted to ________.
For most calculations in angular kinematics, particularly when using angular velocity, displacement, or acceleration, angles must be converted to ________.
How many radians are there in a complete circle?
How many radians are there in a complete circle?
A clockwise rotation is always defined as a positive rotation in biomechanics.
A clockwise rotation is always defined as a positive rotation in biomechanics.
Which of the following best describes the 'right-hand rule' in the context of angular motion vectors?
Which of the following best describes the 'right-hand rule' in the context of angular motion vectors?
Angular velocity is calculated as the change in ________ divided by the change in time.
Angular velocity is calculated as the change in ________ divided by the change in time.
What parameters determine average versus instantaneous values for kinematic relationships?
What parameters determine average versus instantaneous values for kinematic relationships?
Angular speed and angular velocity are essentially the same, differing only in the units of measurement.
Angular speed and angular velocity are essentially the same, differing only in the units of measurement.
What is the angular displacement if a pendulum swings from $20^\circ$ to $70^\circ$?
What is the angular displacement if a pendulum swings from $20^\circ$ to $70^\circ$?
The degree measure of $\pi$ radians is equal to ________ degrees.
The degree measure of $\pi$ radians is equal to ________ degrees.
A gymnast performs a full revolution on a high bar. What is the gymnast's angular displacement in degrees?
A gymnast performs a full revolution on a high bar. What is the gymnast's angular displacement in degrees?
Shape asymmetries of articulating bone surfaces do not affect the instantaneous center of rotation during joint movement.
Shape asymmetries of articulating bone surfaces do not affect the instantaneous center of rotation during joint movement.
Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating angular speed?
Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating angular speed?
List four units suitable for measuring angular velocity.
List four units suitable for measuring angular velocity.
Angular acceleration is defined as the change in angular displacement over time.
Angular acceleration is defined as the change in angular displacement over time.
The formula for angular acceleration is $ \alpha = \frac{\Delta \omega}{______} $.
The formula for angular acceleration is $ \alpha = \frac{\Delta \omega}{______} $.
What does the abbreviation 'rpm' stand for in the context of angular motion?
What does the abbreviation 'rpm' stand for in the context of angular motion?
The same graphical and numerical approaches used in linear kinematics cannot be applied to analyze instantaneous velocities and accelerations in angular kinematics.
The same graphical and numerical approaches used in linear kinematics cannot be applied to analyze instantaneous velocities and accelerations in angular kinematics.
Match the following Kinematic Parameters with the Scalar Quantity Notation
Match the following Kinematic Parameters with the Scalar Quantity Notation
Match the following Kinematic Parameters with the Vector Quantity Notation
Match the following Kinematic Parameters with the Vector Quantity Notation
What does 'instantaneous center of rotation' refer to?
What does 'instantaneous center of rotation' refer to?
According to classic standard kinematic motion reference frame, what describes the positive direction of angular motion?
According to classic standard kinematic motion reference frame, what describes the positive direction of angular motion?
When using the right hand rule for angular motion vectors, the ________ indicates direction of vector, which is the axis.
When using the right hand rule for angular motion vectors, the ________ indicates direction of vector, which is the axis.
When calculating degrees to radians, one radian is approximately equal to 67.3 degrees.
When calculating degrees to radians, one radian is approximately equal to 67.3 degrees.
In the right-hand rule, ________ in the direction of motion, and their thumb indicates the direction of vector.
In the right-hand rule, ________ in the direction of motion, and their thumb indicates the direction of vector.
What concept is exemplified by knee flexion, which includes medial rotation and the anterior slide of the femur on the tibia?
What concept is exemplified by knee flexion, which includes medial rotation and the anterior slide of the femur on the tibia?
In the context of the units of measure for angular kinematics, what is the relationship between radians, arc length, and radius?
In the context of the units of measure for angular kinematics, what is the relationship between radians, arc length, and radius?
Each part of an object moving around an axis covers the same linear distance, regardless of its position relative to the axis.
Each part of an object moving around an axis covers the same linear distance, regardless of its position relative to the axis.
In angular motion, what represents the change in direction?
In angular motion, what represents the change in direction?
For an object rotating around an axis, the __________ distance is the same for all parts of the object, but the linear distance varies.
For an object rotating around an axis, the __________ distance is the same for all parts of the object, but the linear distance varies.
What is the relationship between linear velocity ($v$) and angular velocity ($\omega$) with respect to the radius ($r$)?
What is the relationship between linear velocity ($v$) and angular velocity ($\omega$) with respect to the radius ($r$)?
What does tangential acceleration represent in angular motion?
What does tangential acceleration represent in angular motion?
A figure skater spins faster by pulling their arms closer to their body. Briefly explain this phenomenon in terms of angular and linear kinematics.
A figure skater spins faster by pulling their arms closer to their body. Briefly explain this phenomenon in terms of angular and linear kinematics.
Radial acceleration is directed along the tangent to the path of angular motion.
Radial acceleration is directed along the tangent to the path of angular motion.
The acceleration of a body in angular motion can be resolved into two perpendicular linear acceleration components: __________ and radial acceleration.
The acceleration of a body in angular motion can be resolved into two perpendicular linear acceleration components: __________ and radial acceleration.
Which type of golf club would you typically use to make a long shot and why?
Which type of golf club would you typically use to make a long shot and why?
In baseball, where on the bat would you ideally want to make contact and why?
In baseball, where on the bat would you ideally want to make contact and why?
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Given the equation $s = r\phi$, what does 's' represent?
Given the equation $s = r\phi$, what does 's' represent?
If two points on a rotating object have the same angular velocity, they must also have the same linear velocity.
If two points on a rotating object have the same angular velocity, they must also have the same linear velocity.
The component of acceleration directed towards the center of curvature in angular motion is called __________ acceleration.
The component of acceleration directed towards the center of curvature in angular motion is called __________ acceleration.
If a baseball is hit at 20 cm from the axis of rotation of the bat, and the bat's angular velocity is 40 rad/s, what is the linear velocity of the bat at the point of contact?
If a baseball is hit at 20 cm from the axis of rotation of the bat, and the bat's angular velocity is 40 rad/s, what is the linear velocity of the bat at the point of contact?
Explain the relationship between angular displacement and linear displacement.
Explain the relationship between angular displacement and linear displacement.
Tangential acceleration is constant for an object moving at a constant angular velocity.
Tangential acceleration is constant for an object moving at a constant angular velocity.
A softball pitcher's arm, 0.6 m long, completes a pitch in 0.5 s, and the ball's tangential speed is 18 m/s. What is the tangential acceleration of the ball, assuming it starts from rest?
A softball pitcher's arm, 0.6 m long, completes a pitch in 0.5 s, and the ball's tangential speed is 18 m/s. What is the tangential acceleration of the ball, assuming it starts from rest?
The formula $a_r = \frac{v^2}{r}$ calculates the __________ acceleration, representing the change in direction of an object moving in a circle.
The formula $a_r = \frac{v^2}{r}$ calculates the __________ acceleration, representing the change in direction of an object moving in a circle.
Describe the difference between tangential and radial acceleration.
Describe the difference between tangential and radial acceleration.
If you double the radius at which a baseball is hit on a bat, while maintaining the same angular velocity, what happens to the linear velocity of the hit?
If you double the radius at which a baseball is hit on a bat, while maintaining the same angular velocity, what happens to the linear velocity of the hit?
Angular velocity is a vector quantity, and linear velocity is a scalar quantity.
Angular velocity is a vector quantity, and linear velocity is a scalar quantity.
According to the formula $a_t = r\alpha$, what does $\alpha$ (alpha) represent?
According to the formula $a_t = r\alpha$, what does $\alpha$ (alpha) represent?
The relationship between linear and angular distance is expressed by the equation s = r * ________.
The relationship between linear and angular distance is expressed by the equation s = r * ________.
Can an object have tangential acceleration without also having radial acceleration? Explain why or why not.
Can an object have tangential acceleration without also having radial acceleration? Explain why or why not.
Match the following terms with their equations:
Match the following terms with their equations:
What must be done to angular motion units before you can relate them to linear motion calculations?
What must be done to angular motion units before you can relate them to linear motion calculations?
The farther away a skater is from the center of rotation the lower their tangential acceleration will be.
The farther away a skater is from the center of rotation the lower their tangential acceleration will be.
If two people are sitting on a merry-go-round, one closer to the center and one on the edge, which one has the fastest angular displacement?
If two people are sitting on a merry-go-round, one closer to the center and one on the edge, which one has the fastest angular displacement?
If two people are sitting on a merry-go-round, one closer to the center and one on the edge, which one has the fastest tangential velocity?
If two people are sitting on a merry-go-round, one closer to the center and one on the edge, which one has the fastest tangential velocity?
Flashcards
What is a projectile?
What is a projectile?
A body in free fall that is subject only to the forces of gravity and air resistance.
Why analyze projectile motion components separately?
Why analyze projectile motion components separately?
Vertical is influenced by gravity and air resistance. Horizontal is only influenced by air resistance. Air resistance can often be neglected.
Effect of gravity?
Effect of gravity?
The force of gravity produces a constant downward acceleration of -9.81 m/s² on bodies near the Earth's surface.
What is Trajectory?
What is Trajectory?
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Factors influencing Trajectory?
Factors influencing Trajectory?
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Projection Angle
Projection Angle
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Projection Speed
Projection Speed
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Relative Projection Height
Relative Projection Height
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Factors of Influence: Flight Time
Factors of Influence: Flight Time
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Factors of Influence: Horizontal Displacement
Factors of Influence: Horizontal Displacement
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Constant Acceleration Equations
Constant Acceleration Equations
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Horizontal Projectile Motion Equations
Horizontal Projectile Motion Equations
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Time to Apex
Time to Apex
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Peak Vertical Displacement
Peak Vertical Displacement
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Angular Motion
Angular Motion
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Axis of Rotation
Axis of Rotation
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Relative Angle
Relative Angle
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Absolute Angle
Absolute Angle
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Joint angles
Joint angles
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Segment angles
Segment angles
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Flexion/Extension
Flexion/Extension
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Abduction/Adduction
Abduction/Adduction
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Medial/Lateral Rotation
Medial/Lateral Rotation
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Instantaneous Center of Rotation
Instantaneous Center of Rotation
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Angular Displacement
Angular Displacement
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Angular Distance
Angular Distance
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Degree (angle)
Degree (angle)
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Revolution (angle)
Revolution (angle)
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Radian (definition)
Radian (definition)
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Direction of Angular Motion
Direction of Angular Motion
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Angular Speed
Angular Speed
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Angular Velocity
Angular Velocity
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Angular Acceleration
Angular Acceleration
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Average vs. Instantaneous (angular)
Average vs. Instantaneous (angular)
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Right hand rule
Right hand rule
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Linear vs. Angular Distance
Linear vs. Angular Distance
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What is 's' in s=rΦ?
What is 's' in s=rΦ?
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What is 'r' in s=rΦ?
What is 'r' in s=rΦ?
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What is 'Φ' in s=rΦ?
What is 'Φ' in s=rΦ?
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Linear vs. Angular Velocity
Linear vs. Angular Velocity
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Tangential Acceleration
Tangential Acceleration
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Radial Acceleration
Radial Acceleration
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Study Notes
Linear vs Angular Motion
- Although every part of an object moving about an axis has the same angular distance, each part of the object has a different linear distance.
- Linear distance (s) = radius between axis and point (r) * angular distance (Φ): s = rΦ, where s is in meters, r is in meters, and Φ is in radians.
Linear vs. Angular Velocity
- Similar to relationship between linear and angular distance, linear velocity (v) = radius (r) * angular velocity (ω): v = rω
Linear vs Angular Acceleration
- The acceleration of a body in angular motion may be resolved into two perpendicular linear acceleration components
- Tangential acceleration (at)
- Radial acceleration (ar)
What is Tangential Acceleration?
- The component of acceleration of angular motion directed along a tangent to the path of motion
- Represents change in linear speed
- Tangential acceleration (at) = (v2-v1)/time(t) = radius(r) * angular acceleration (α)
What is Radial Acceleration?
- The component of acceleration of angular motion directed toward the center of curvature
- Represents change in direction
- Radial acceleration (ar) = velocity(v)^2/radius(r) = radius(r) * angular velocity (ω)^2
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