Kimia Grup 4A dan Sifat Unsurnya
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Questions and Answers

Manakah dari berikut ini yang merupakan salah satu isotop karbon?

  • 10C
  • 14O
  • 12C (correct)
  • 16C

    • Silicon adalah unsur logam murni yang sering ditemukan di alam.

    False

    Apa yang dimaksud dengan 'toksisitas' pada timbal?

    Timbal berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia.

    Tembaga, silikon, germanium, dan timbal semuanya adalah elemen dari kelompok ______ dalam tabel periodik.

    <p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apa yang terjadi dengan radius kovalen saat bergerak turun dari karbon ke silikon?

    <p>Meningkat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Senyawa unsur grup 14 biasanya membentuk empat ikatan.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apa yang menjadi penyebab penurunan energi ionisasi saat bergerak turun kelompok 14?

    <p>Peningkatan jarak dari inti atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cocokkan unsur dengan sifatnya:

    <p>Karbon = Senyawa organik dan isotop Silicon = Metaloid dan ditemukan dalam pasir Germanium = Semikonduktor Timbal = Bahan beracun untuk manusia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apa yang menjadi salah satu penyebab sifat unik dari karbon?

    <p>Ukuran atom yang kecil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Karbon dapat mengikat lebih dari empat atom sekaligus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sebutkan dua jenis hidrokarbon berdasarkan ikatan yang ada!

    <p>Hidrokarbon jenuh dan hidrokarbon tidak jenuh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Karbon memiliki kemampuan untuk membentuk ______ rantai karbon.

    <p>panjang</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Di antara elemen berikut, mana yang memiliki kemampuan catenation paling rendah?

    <p>Timah</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cocokkan sifat karbon dengan penjelasannya:

    <p>Ukuran Kecil = Meningkatkan stabilitas senyawa Tetravalensi = Dapat membentuk empat ikatan Catenation = Kemampuan membentuk rantai panjang Keelektronegatifan = Kemampuan membentuk ikatan ganda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Karbon hanya dapat menggunakan orbital s untuk membentuk ikatan.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Karbon dapat membentuk ikatan pπ – pπ dengan molekul lain seperti ______.

    <p>Oksigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apa yang menyebabkan titik lebur timah lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan timbal?

    <p>Struktur 12-koordinasi yang terdistorsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semua elemen dalam kelompok 4 memiliki sifat rapuh.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sebutkan dua sifat fisik yang menunjukkan perbedaan antara non-logam dan logam!

    <p>Kerapuhan dan konduktivitas listrik</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gelektronegatifan yang rendah berkaitan dengan kecenderungan atom untuk _____ pasangan elektron.

    <p>melepaskan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cocokkan sifat dengan elemen yang sesuai:

    <p>Karbon = Kekuatan tinggi dan rapuh Silicon = Semikonduktor Timah putih = Konduktor metalik Timbal = Sifat lembut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Manakah dari berikut ini yang merupakan semikonduktor?

    <p>Silicon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diamond dapat menghantarkan listrik.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apa yang dimaksud dengan elektronegativitas?

    <p>Kecenderungan atom untuk menarik pasangan elektron yang mengikat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elemen mana yang paling ringan dalam kelompok 4?

    <p>Carbon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    String dari non-logam ke logam dalam elemen kelompok 4 termasuk karbon dan timbal.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sebutkan dua allotrop karbon yang paling dikenal.

    <p>intan dan grafit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Timbal (Pb) memiliki struktur _____ yang terkoordinasi 12.

    <p>logam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apa yang terjadi dengan nilai elektronegativitas saat bergerak dari karbon ke silikon?

    <p>Menurun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apa yang terjadi dengan struktur atom saat bergerak dari non-logam ke logam dalam kelompok 4?

    <p>Struktur menjadi terdistribusi dan lebih kompak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semua elemen dalam Grup 4 dapat membentuk ion 1+.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apa yang diartikan dengan energi ionisasi?

    <p>Energi yang diperlukan untuk menghilangkan elektron dari atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elemen timah memiliki dua allotrop yang berbeda, yaitu timah abu-abu dan timah putih.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apa jenis ikatan yang ditemukan dalam allotrop timah yang dikenal sebagai timah putih?

    <p>ikatan logam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ionisasi energi pertama untuk karbon adalah sangat _____ sehingga hampir tidak mungkin membentuk ion positif sederhana.

    <p>besar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mengapa energi ionisasi cenderung menurun saat bergerak ke bawah Grup 4?

    <p>Karena lapisan elektron tambahan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sesuai dengan elemen dalam kelompok 4, cocokkan setiap elemen dengan sifatnya:

    <p>Karbon = Jaringan kovalen besar Silicon = Bahan semi-konduktor Germanium = Penggunaan dalam elektronik Timbal = Ikatan logam dengan struktur terkoordinasi 12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Energi ionisasi untuk ion 2+ dan 4+ meningkat ketika bergerak ke bawah dalam Grup 4.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cocokkan unsur dengan jenis ion yang dapat mereka bentuk:

    <p>Karbon = Tidak membentuk ion positif sederhana Timbal = Mungkin membentuk ion 2+ dan 4+ Silicon = Mungkin membentuk ion 2+ Timah = Mungkin membentuk ion 2+ dan 4+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Energi ionisasi yang dibutuhkan untuk membentuk ion 2+ meningkat seiring dengan _______, meskipun ada sedikit kenaikan di timbal.

    <p>ukuran atom yang lebih besar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Group 4A Elements

    • Group 4A elements include Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Tin (Sn), and Lead (Pb).
    • Carbon is known since ancient times.
    • Silicon was discovered in 1824 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius.
    • Germanium was discovered in 1886 by Clemens Winkler.
    • Tin has been known since ancient times.
    • Lead has been known since ancient times.

    Properties of Group 14 Elements

    • The elements generally exhibit a trend from non-metallic to metallic behavior as one moves down the group.
    • The important chemistry of group 14 elements can be understood based on their electronic structure.
    • Neutral group 14 elements typically form up to four bonds.
    • This usage of all electrons and orbitals around the atom (a complete octet) around the group 14 atom is referred to as "electron-precise".

    Elements of Carbon Family

    • Carbon is one of the most abundant elements on Earth.
    • Carbon exists in various states, including combined (e.g., in air, polymers, organic compounds, carbonates) and free states.
    • Carbon has three isotopes: 12C, 13C, and 14C (radioactive).
    • Silicon is commonly found in dust, sand, clay, silica, silicate minerals.
    • Germanium is a rare element used in semiconductor devices.
    • Tin is a soft, malleable metal, primarily obtained from cassiterite. Tin has two allotropes at standard pressure and temperature.
    • Lead is obtained from galena. Lead is used in lead-acid batteries, oxidizing agents, and alloys. Lead is toxic to humans.
    • Covalent Radius: Covalent radius increases moving down the group, with a noticeable increase from carbon to silicon.
    • Ionization Enthalpy: Ionization enthalpies generally decrease as you move down the group from carbon to silicon. There's a slight increase from tin to lead.

    The Anomalous Behavior of Carbon

    • Carbon's properties are unique.
    • This is primarily due to its small size, high electronegativity, high ionization enthalpy, and the unavailability of d-orbitals.

    Unique Properties of Carbon

    • Small Size: Carbon's small size allows its nucleus to hold bonded and nonbonded electrons effectively. This is important in tetravalency, small size and its property of catenation.
    • Tetravalency: Carbon can share four electrons to complete its octet, thus bonding with four different monovalent atoms, forming a large variety of compounds. This is due to having only s and p orbitals.
    • Catenation: Carbon has the unique ability to form long chains of carbon atoms, called catenation. The ability to form carbon chains creates a large variety of complex compounds, either straight or branched, including saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

    Structures of Elements

    • Carbon forms large network covalent structures in its allotropes (diamond and graphite).
    • Diamond has a three-dimensional structure with carbon atoms covalently bonded to four other atoms.
    • The heavier elements (e.g., tin, lead,) shift towards metallic bonding.
    • Metallic structures allow for movement of atoms without disrupting bonding.

    Physical Properties of Elements

    • Group 4A elements are solids at room temperature.
    • Metallic properties increase from carbon to lead.
    • Diamond, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene are three allotropes of carbon.

    Brittleness

    • The brittleness in elements varies based on their bonding.
    • Diamond, silicon, germanium, and grey tin are considered brittle solids due to their strong covalent bonds.
    • White tin and lead, due to their metallic structure, are malleable and ductile.

    Electrical Conductivity

    • Diamond doesn't conduct electricity because the electrons are tightly bound.
    • Silicon, germanium, and grey tin are semiconductors.
    • White tin and lead are metallic conductors.

    Electronegativity

    • Electronegativity is an atom's tendency to attract bonding electrons.
    • Fluorine has the highest electronegativity (4).
    • Down the Group 4, the electronegativity decreases.
    • Metallic behavior is associated with low electronegativity.

    lonization Energies

    • Ionization energies typically decrease down the group (with a slight increase at lead).
    • The decrease is due to the increasing distance between the outer electrons and the nucleus, along with electron screening.
    • Larger amounts of energy are needed to form 2+ and 4+ ions of the group 4 elements.

    Sources

    • Carbon is found in nature as an element, in Earth's atmosphere as carbon dioxide, in Earth's crust as carbonate minerals, and in organic compounds.
    • Silicon is produced through the reduction of silicon dioxide (silica).
    • Tin is prepared by reducing the mineral cassiterite (SnO₂).
    • Lead is obtained from the mineral galena (PbS) through interactions with oxygen.

    Important Compounds and Reactions

    • Group 4A elements are oxidized by halogens.
    • Group 4A elements combine with oxygen to form oxides.
    • Complete combustion of hydrocarbons yields carbon dioxide and water. Silicon dioxide (SiO₂), is the material found on beaches and used to make glass.
    • Other important compounds, including those used in cutting tools, lead acid batteries are mentionned.

    Atomic Properties

    • Group 4A elements have an electron configuration ending in ns²np².
    • Common oxidation numbers are +4 and +2 (and also -4 for carbon ).
    • Silicon and germanium are semiconductors.

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    Description

    Quiz ini membahas tentang unsur-unsur di grup 4A, termasuk Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, dan Lead. Anda akan belajar tentang sifat, penggunaan, dan sejarah penemuan unsur-unsur tersebut. Setelah mengikuti kuis ini, Anda akan lebih memahami tren perilaku unsur yang bergerak dari non-logam ke logam.

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