Kidneys Week 7 Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

What is the first structure that blood encounters when entering the kidney's vascular system?

  • Afferent arteriole
  • Interlobar artery
  • Renal vein
  • Renal artery (correct)

Which component of the nephron is not part of the renal tubular system?

  • Renal pelvis (correct)
  • Collecting duct
  • Bowman's capsule
  • Glomerulus

During the filtration process in the glomerulus, which items are typically excluded from passing through the capillary membrane?

  • Electrolytes
  • Glucose
  • Proteins (correct)
  • Hormones

What is the term for the fluid that enters Bowman’s capsule after filtration?

<p>Glomerular filtrate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What follows the interlobular arteries in the path of blood flow through the kidney?

<p>Afferent arterioles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the nephron is involved in the reabsorption of water and electrolytes?

<p>Proximal tubule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure collects urine before it is transported to the ureter?

<p>Collecting duct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs primarily in the glomerulus during renal processing of plasma?

<p>Filtration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)?

<p>High plasma osmolarity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ADH in the kidneys?

<p>Increase water reabsorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results in the production of concentrated urine?

<p>High plasma osmolarity and ADH secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is renin synthesized and stored?

<p>In juxtaglomerular (JG) cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to urine output when blood pressure increases?

<p>Urine output increases due to pressure diuresis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when osmoreceptors detect low plasma osmolarity?

<p>Thirst is stimulated and ADH secretion is inhibited (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is also known as vasopressin?

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological effect does alcohol have regarding urine production?

<p>Inhibits ADH release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to glucose in a normal, healthy individual regarding glomerular filtration?

<p>100% of glucose is reabsorbed back into the blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects the reabsorption of molecules in the renal tubules?

<p>Transporters in the tubular cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In diabetic conditions, what happens to glucose transporters in the renal tubules?

<p>They become saturated, leading to glucose excretion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do hormones play in the reabsorption process in the renal tubules?

<p>They control whether transporters are active or inactive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule undergoes reabsorption in the renal tubules aside from glucose?

<p>Sodium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of glucose not being reabsorbed in a diabetic individual?

<p>Glucose present in the urine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the concentrations of sodium transporters differ in the renal tubular system?

<p>They vary between proximal and distal tubular systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of aldosterone in relation to sodium reabsorption?

<p>Low blood pressure or low plasma sodium levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological stimulus primarily causes the release of renin?

<p>Decreased arterial pressure in the afferent arterioles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of renin in the body?

<p>Converts Angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II primarily occur?

<p>In the lung vasculature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rank the vasoactive effects of renin, angiotensin I, and angiotensin II from least to most vasoactive.

<p>Renin, Angiotensin I, Angiotensin II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the rapid mechanism by which the renin-angiotensin system modulates blood pressure?

<p>Vasoconstriction throughout the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone does angiotensin II stimulate the adrenal glands to secrete?

<p>Aldosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increased salt intake have on blood pressure according to the renin-angiotensin system?

<p>Increases extracellular fluid volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs as a slow mechanism for modulating blood pressure in response to renin-angiotensin activity?

<p>Decreased excretion of salt and water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What immediate effect does high sodium intake have on arterial blood pressure?

<p>Increase in extracellular fluid (A), Increase in stroke volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does high sodium intake ultimately lead to increased arterial blood pressure?

<p>By increasing end diastolic volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compensatory mechanism occurs with chronic high sodium intake?

<p>Reduced urinary sodium output (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a direct action of diuretic drugs on blood pressure?

<p>Decreasing plasma volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to venous return when a diuretic is administered?

<p>It decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure is true?

<p>Acute increases in sodium intake produce temporary changes in blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a high-end diastolic volume (EDV) on stroke volume (SV)?

<p>It increases stroke volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that high sodium intake can create a large increase in arterial blood pressure?

<p>It increases extracellular fluid retention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism responsible for rapid control of blood pressure?

<p>Baroreceptor feedback (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of increased arterial blood pressure on urine output?

<p>Increased urine output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is associated with decreased sodium reabsorption during high blood pressure?

<p>Aldosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs in the renal system when arterial pressure decreases?

<p>Decreased sodium excretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the renin-angiotensin system play in intermediate blood pressure control?

<p>Stimulates vasoconstriction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of long-term blood pressure control?

<p>Renal-body control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During periods of high blood pressure, what happens to sympathetic nervous system activity?

<p>It decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism does not significantly contribute to immediate changes in blood pressure?

<p>Pressure natriuresis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Kidney blood flow path

Blood flows from the renal artery through interlobar, arcuate, interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, and eventually leaves via the renal vein.

Glomerular Filtration

The process where blood plasma is filtered in the glomerulus; small molecules like electrolytes, glucose, and some hormones pass through but larger molecules like proteins and blood cells do not.

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney, where the process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place.

Filtrate pathway

Filtered fluid (glomerular filtrate) travels through Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, distal tubule, connecting tubule, collecting tubule, collecting duct, renal papillae, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and urethra.

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Reabsorption

The process where the nephron reclaims essential substances from the filtrate, returning them to the bloodstream.

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Components of Nephron (Early)

Bowman's capsule, Proximal tubule, and Loop of Henle.

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Components of Nephron (Later)

Distal tubule, connecting tubule and collecting tubule.

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Renal Tubular System

The network of tubules within the nephron that modify the filtrate.

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Glomerular filtrate reabsorption

The process where molecules in the glomerular filtrate are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.

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Reabsorption factors

Multiple factors determine how effectively a molecule gets reabsorbed.

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Glucose reabsorption

Almost all filtered glucose is reabsorbed in healthy conditions, preventing it from showing up in urine.

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Diabetes glucose reabsorption

High blood glucose saturates glucose transporters, leading to glucose in urine.

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Tubular reabsorption transporters

Specific proteins that move molecules out of the tubule, through cells, and into the capillaries.

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Tubular system location

Transporter proteins are in different concentrations along the length of the tubule.

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Hormone control of reabsorption

Hormones like aldosterone regulate the activity of reabsorption transporters.

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Aldosterone and sodium

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption when blood pressure or sodium levels are low.

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Plasma Osmolarity and Water Balance

The concentration of solutes in blood plasma affects water balance. High osmolarity (more solute) signals dehydration, while low osmolarity signals overhydration.

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Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)

A hormone that regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys. It increases water reabsorption when blood is too concentrated, resulting in less urine.

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Pressure Diuresis

An increase in blood pressure leads to a corresponding increase in urine output.

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Pressure Natriuresis

An increase in blood pressure leads to a corresponding increase in sodium output in urine.

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Juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells)

Specialized cells in the kidneys that produce and release renin, a key part of blood pressure regulation.

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Renin

An enzyme released by Juxtaglomerular cells that initiates the renin-angiotensin system, which helps regulate blood pressure.

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Excretion in Kidneys

Waste products passing out of the body through urine.

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Renin-Angiotensin System

A hormone system that regulates blood pressure by constricting blood vessels and increasing salt and water reabsorption from the urine.

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Renin stimulus

Decreased arterial pressure in afferent arterioles, potentially due to low systemic blood pressure or renal ischemia.

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Renin's function

Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

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Angiotensin I conversion

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in lung vasculature and other tissues (like kidney) by ACE enzyme.

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Vasoactive effect ranking

Angiotensin II is the most vasoactive (strongest vasoconstrictor), followed by angiotensin I, then renin.

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Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) vasoconstriction

RAS causes rapid vasoconstriction throughout the body, increasing arterial blood pressure by increasing TPR (total peripheral resistance).

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RAS and excretion

RAS decreases salt and water excretion via the kidneys, which occurs over hours to days.

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Angiotensin II and aldosterone

Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion from adrenal glands, leading to increased salt/water reabsorption.

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RAS and increased salt intake

Increased salt intake leads to increased extracellular fluid volume, blood volume, and blood pressure, countered by pressure diuresis and pressure natriuresis (kidney's response).

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Reduced Renin Effect

Lower levels of renin lead to decreased sodium and water retention, resulting in reduced blood volume and ultimately lower blood pressure.

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High Sodium Intake: Short-Term Effect

A large increase in sodium intake causes an immediate rise in blood pressure due to increased fluid volume in the vascular system, leading to higher venous pressure, increased cardiac output, and ultimately elevated arterial blood pressure.

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High Sodium Intake: Long-Term

Chronic high sodium intake leads to minimal changes in blood pressure in healthy individuals due to compensatory mechanisms that regulate fluid balance.

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Chronic High Salt Diet

A persistent high sodium diet can eventually lead to chronically elevated arterial blood pressure, as the body's compensatory mechanisms become overwhelmed.

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Diuretics and Blood Pressure

Diuretic medications help lower blood pressure by promoting fluid elimination, reducing hypervolemia (excess fluid). This decreases plasma volume, venous pressure, cardiac output, and ultimately lowers arterial blood pressure.

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Diuretics: Mechanism

Diuretics work by increasing urine and sodium output, effectively decreasing plasma volume, venous pressure, and cardiac output, leading to a reduction in blood pressure.

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Venous Return

The flow of blood from the veins back to the heart.

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End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole (relaxation) before contraction.

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Baroreceptor feedback

A rapid mechanism for blood pressure control that uses pressure sensors in arteries to adjust heart rate (HR) and blood vessel diameter, thus altering blood pressure within seconds or minutes.

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Renin-angiotensin system (RAS)

An intermediate blood pressure regulation mechanism (minutes to hours) that involves a series of hormones (renin, angiotensin I, angiotensin II) to constrict blood vessels, retain sodium, and ultimately elevate blood pressure.

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Stress-relaxation of vasculature

An intermediate blood pressure adjustment where vessels slowly stretch out under chronic pressure, reducing pressure within them.

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Fluid shift between vascular and interstitial fluid

An intermediate blood pressure regulation mechanism where fluid moves between blood vessels and surrounding tissues, influencing blood pressure based on Starling's Forces.

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Long-term blood pressure control

Mechanisms that regulate blood pressure over hours and days, involving kidney function and hormone action.

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Aldosterone's role in blood pressure

This hormone promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to water retention and increased blood volume, hence higher blood pressure.

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Study Notes

Kidneys (Week 7) Study Guide

  • This guide covers the first two video playlists for week 7. A separate guide will be released for the third playlist.

Renal Artery to Renal Vein

  • Trace blood flow from the renal artery to the renal vein, highlighting the following structures:
    • Renal artery
    • Interlobar arteries
    • Arcuate arteries
    • Interlobular arteries
    • Afferent arterioles
    • Glomerulus
    • Efferent arterioles
    • Peritubular capillaries
    • Interlobular vein
    • Arcuate vein
    • Interlobar vein
    • Renal vein

Filtrate Pathway

  • Trace the path of filtrate from the glomerulus through the urethra:
    • Bowman's capsule
    • Proximal tubule
    • Loop of Henle (descending limb, thin segment of ascending limb, thick segment of ascending limb)
    • Macula densa
    • Distal tubule
    • Connecting tubule
    • Collecting tubule
    • Collecting duct
    • Renal papillae
    • Renal pelvis
    • Ureter
    • Bladder
    • Urethra
  • Note: Items 1-6 are components of the nephron. Collecting ducts are not part of the nephron.

Renal Processing of Plasma

  • Four components of renal processing of plasma within each nephron:
    • Filtration:
      • Fluid from the afferent arteriole filters into the glomerulus.
      • Plasma and dissolved substances (electrolytes, glucose, hormones, drugs) are filtered.
      • Proteins and blood cells are too large to pass through.
    • Reabsorption:
      • Molecules from the filtrate are reabsorbed into the bloodstream.
      • This process involves transporters in the tubular cells and depends on factors like the presence of transporters and hormones like aldosterone.
      • Glucose is fully reabsorbed under normal conditions.
      • Many other molecules are also reabsorbed (sodium, calcium, bicarbonate, potassium).
    • Secretion:
      • Molecules are secreted from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular system.
      • This process is driven by transporters and involves molecules like hydrogen ions.
    • Excretion:
      • Whatever remains in the renal tubular system is excreted from the body.

Water Balance and Thirst

  • Plasma osmolarity and water balance:
    • Osmoreceptors in the brain sense osmolarity.
    • High osmolarity (dehydration) triggers the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
    • ADH increases the permeability of cells in the distal tubule and collecting ducts to water, causing its reabsorption into the bloodstream.
    • This process results in more concentrated urine.

Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS)

  • Renin is synthesized and stored in juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells).
  • Decreased arterial pressure triggers renin release.
  • Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
  • Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the lungs (via ACE).
  • Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction (increasing blood pressure) and stimulates aldosterone secretion to increase sodium and water reabsorption.

Blood Pressure Regulation

  • Salt intake and blood pressure changes: Large changes in salt intake often lead to corresponding changes in blood pressure. High salt intake can lead to increased blood pressure due to fluid retention.
  • Diuretics and blood pressure: Diuretic drugs can lower blood pressure by increasing urine output and reducing fluid volume.

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Kidneys Study Guide Week 7 PDF

Description

This study guide provides an overview of the renal system, detailing the blood flow from the renal artery to the renal vein. It also traces the pathway of filtrate from the glomerulus to the urethra. Ideal for students looking to understand kidney functions and blood filtration processes.

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