Questions and Answers
What is the primary process responsible for producing cell- and protein-free filtrate in the kidneys?
Which percentage of substances is typically reabsorbed during tubular reabsorption?
How many times does the kidneys filter the body's entire plasma volume each day?
What is the role of the efferent arterioles in the kidney?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement accurately describes the composition of urine?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of oxygen does the kidney consume while at rest?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a major function of the kidneys?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure serves as a temporary storage reservoir for urine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition involves an infection of the entire kidney?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the internal anatomy of the kidneys?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary blood supply to the kidneys?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two main parts of a nephron?
Signup and view all the answers
What structure surrounds the glomerulus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the nephron is closest to the renal corpuscle?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of epithelium is found in the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule?
Signup and view all the answers
What facilitates the filtration process in the glomerulus?
Signup and view all the answers
How many nephrons are typically found in one kidney?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the glomerulus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement accurately describes the peritubular capillaries?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is blood pressure in the glomerulus higher than in typical capillaries?
Signup and view all the answers
The juxtamedullary complex JGC plays a key role in which of the following?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the total amount of fluid processed daily by the kidneys?
Signup and view all the answers
Which element is NOT part of the three processes involved in urine formation?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Kidneys
- Major excretory organs that transport urine to the urinary bladder and regulate water volume, solute concentration, and ECF ion concentrations.
- Ensure long-term acid-base balance, remove metabolic wastes, toxins, and drugs, and have endocrine functions.
Endocrine Functions
- Renin: regulates blood pressure
- Erythropoietin: regulates red blood cell production
- Vitamin D: activated
- Gluconeogenesis: during prolonged fasting
Internal Anatomy
- Renal cortex: granular-appearing superficial region
- Renal medulla: composed of cone-shaped medullary pyramids separated by renal columns
Homeostatic Imbalance
- Pyelitis: infection of renal pelvis and calyces
- Pyelonephritis: infection/inflammation of the entire kidney, usually treated with antibiotics
Blood and Nerve Supply
- Renal arteries deliver approximately 1200 ml of cardiac output to the kidneys each minute
- Nerve supply is via sympathetic fibers from the renal plexus
Nephrons
- Structural and functional units that form urine (over 1 million per kidney)
- Two main parts: renal corpuscle and renal tubule
- Renal corpuscle components: glomerulus and glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule)
- Glomerulus: tuft of capillaries with fenestrated endothelium, allowing filtrate formation
- Glomerular capsule: cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
- Renal tubule components: proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule
Nephron Capillary Beds
- Renal tubules associated with two capillary beds: glomerulus and peritubular capillaries
- Juxtamedullary nephrons also associated with vasa recta
- Glomerulus: specialized for filtration, fed and drained by arterioles
- Peritubular capillaries: low-pressure, porous capillaries adapted for absorption of water and solutes
Juxtaglomerular Complex (JGC)
- One per nephron, involves modified portions of distal portion of ascending limb of nephron loop and afferent (sometimes efferent) arteriole
- Important in regulation of rate of filtrate formation and blood pressure
Kidney Physiology: Mechanisms of Urine Formation
- 180 L fluid processed daily, only 1.5 L forms urine
- Three processes in urine formation and adjustment of blood composition: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
- Glomerular filtration: 1.8 L fluid processed daily, only 1.5 L forms urine
- Tubular reabsorption: selectively returns 99% of substances from filtrate to blood in renal tubules and collecting ducts
- Tubular secretion: selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts
- Kidneys filter the body's entire plasma volume 60 times each day and consume 20-25% oxygen used by the body at rest.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers the processes of urine formation, including glomerular filtration and the role of nephrons in regulating blood composition. It also discusses the absorption of water and solutes from the filtrate by adjacent renal tubules.