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Questions and Answers
What is the primary process responsible for producing cell- and protein-free filtrate in the kidneys?
What is the primary process responsible for producing cell- and protein-free filtrate in the kidneys?
- Tubular reabsorption
- Tubular secretion
- Filtrate concentration
- Glomerular filtration (correct)
Which percentage of substances is typically reabsorbed during tubular reabsorption?
Which percentage of substances is typically reabsorbed during tubular reabsorption?
- 50%
- 99% (correct)
- 75%
- 25%
How many times does the kidneys filter the body's entire plasma volume each day?
How many times does the kidneys filter the body's entire plasma volume each day?
- 60 times (correct)
- 30 times
- 20 times
- 10 times
What is the role of the efferent arterioles in the kidney?
What is the role of the efferent arterioles in the kidney?
Which statement accurately describes the composition of urine?
Which statement accurately describes the composition of urine?
What percentage of oxygen does the kidney consume while at rest?
What percentage of oxygen does the kidney consume while at rest?
Which of the following is a major function of the kidneys?
Which of the following is a major function of the kidneys?
Which structure serves as a temporary storage reservoir for urine?
Which structure serves as a temporary storage reservoir for urine?
What is the role of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?
What is the role of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?
What condition involves an infection of the entire kidney?
What condition involves an infection of the entire kidney?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the internal anatomy of the kidneys?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the internal anatomy of the kidneys?
What is the primary blood supply to the kidneys?
What is the primary blood supply to the kidneys?
What are the two main parts of a nephron?
What are the two main parts of a nephron?
What structure surrounds the glomerulus?
What structure surrounds the glomerulus?
Which part of the nephron is closest to the renal corpuscle?
Which part of the nephron is closest to the renal corpuscle?
What type of epithelium is found in the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule?
What type of epithelium is found in the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule?
What facilitates the filtration process in the glomerulus?
What facilitates the filtration process in the glomerulus?
How many nephrons are typically found in one kidney?
How many nephrons are typically found in one kidney?
What is the primary function of the glomerulus?
What is the primary function of the glomerulus?
Which statement accurately describes the peritubular capillaries?
Which statement accurately describes the peritubular capillaries?
Why is blood pressure in the glomerulus higher than in typical capillaries?
Why is blood pressure in the glomerulus higher than in typical capillaries?
The juxtamedullary complex JGC plays a key role in which of the following?
The juxtamedullary complex JGC plays a key role in which of the following?
What is the total amount of fluid processed daily by the kidneys?
What is the total amount of fluid processed daily by the kidneys?
Which element is NOT part of the three processes involved in urine formation?
Which element is NOT part of the three processes involved in urine formation?
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Study Notes
Kidneys
- Major excretory organs that transport urine to the urinary bladder and regulate water volume, solute concentration, and ECF ion concentrations.
- Ensure long-term acid-base balance, remove metabolic wastes, toxins, and drugs, and have endocrine functions.
Endocrine Functions
- Renin: regulates blood pressure
- Erythropoietin: regulates red blood cell production
- Vitamin D: activated
- Gluconeogenesis: during prolonged fasting
Internal Anatomy
- Renal cortex: granular-appearing superficial region
- Renal medulla: composed of cone-shaped medullary pyramids separated by renal columns
Homeostatic Imbalance
- Pyelitis: infection of renal pelvis and calyces
- Pyelonephritis: infection/inflammation of the entire kidney, usually treated with antibiotics
Blood and Nerve Supply
- Renal arteries deliver approximately 1200 ml of cardiac output to the kidneys each minute
- Nerve supply is via sympathetic fibers from the renal plexus
Nephrons
- Structural and functional units that form urine (over 1 million per kidney)
- Two main parts: renal corpuscle and renal tubule
- Renal corpuscle components: glomerulus and glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule)
- Glomerulus: tuft of capillaries with fenestrated endothelium, allowing filtrate formation
- Glomerular capsule: cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
- Renal tubule components: proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule
Nephron Capillary Beds
- Renal tubules associated with two capillary beds: glomerulus and peritubular capillaries
- Juxtamedullary nephrons also associated with vasa recta
- Glomerulus: specialized for filtration, fed and drained by arterioles
- Peritubular capillaries: low-pressure, porous capillaries adapted for absorption of water and solutes
Juxtaglomerular Complex (JGC)
- One per nephron, involves modified portions of distal portion of ascending limb of nephron loop and afferent (sometimes efferent) arteriole
- Important in regulation of rate of filtrate formation and blood pressure
Kidney Physiology: Mechanisms of Urine Formation
- 180 L fluid processed daily, only 1.5 L forms urine
- Three processes in urine formation and adjustment of blood composition: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
- Glomerular filtration: 1.8 L fluid processed daily, only 1.5 L forms urine
- Tubular reabsorption: selectively returns 99% of substances from filtrate to blood in renal tubules and collecting ducts
- Tubular secretion: selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts
- Kidneys filter the body's entire plasma volume 60 times each day and consume 20-25% oxygen used by the body at rest.
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