Kidney Functions and Structure Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the kidneys?

  • Balancing blood pH
  • Concentrating wastes for expulsion
  • Regulating fluid and water balance
  • Producing red blood cells (correct)

What is the term 'renal' specifically related to?

  • The urinary bladder
  • The kidney (correct)
  • The ureter
  • The urethra

Which of the following correctly describes the position of the kidneys in mammals?

  • Both kidneys sit below the diaphragm and behind the spleen
  • The right kidney sits lower than the left to accommodate the liver (correct)
  • The left kidney sits lower than the right kidney to accommodate the liver
  • Both kidneys are at the same level, adjacent to the spleen

Urine is approximately how much more concentrated than blood?

<p>4 times more concentrated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which source does the fluid for urine primarily come?

<p>Extracellular fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Upon reaching approximately 600mL in the urinary bladder, what typically occurs?

<p>Urine is involuntarily released (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural order of the kidney, from outer to inner?

<p>Renal cortex, medulla, renal pelvis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental function of a nephron?

<p>To serve as the basic filtering unit of the kidney (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary difference in ammonia excretion between bony fish and other organisms?

<p>Bony fish secrete ammonia directly in a dilute form. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the conversion of ammonia to urea primarily occur in mammals?

<p>Liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous waste product is characterized by its low toxicity and high solubility, allowing for efficient storage and transport?

<p>Urea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of producing uric acid as a nitrogenous waste product?

<p>It requires a high amount of energy to produce. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous waste product is excreted as a semi-solid paste, conserving water?

<p>Uric acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between osmoregulation and excretion?

<p>Osmoregulation aids in the removal of waste via the excretory system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it beneficial for birds to excrete uric acid?

<p>It is lightweight and minimizes water loss, aiding flight. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of animal would likely produce more urea and require more water for waste excretion?

<p>Carnivores with a high protein diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas?

<p>Glucagon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition triggers the release of insulin from the pancreas?

<p>Hyperglycemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the relationship between insulin and glucagon?

<p>They are antagonistic hormones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result of glucagon's action on the liver?

<p>Increased breakdown of glycogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes involves an immune system attack on insulin-producing cells?

<p>Type I Diabetes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to glucose levels when insulin is released?

<p>They decrease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does glucagon have on blood glucose levels?

<p>It raises them. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario would trigger the secretion of glucagon?

<p>Low blood glucose levels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary hormone involved in the regulation of oogenesis?

<p>Luteinizing hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a fertilized egg shortly after fertilization?

<p>It requires human chorionic gonadotropin to develop properly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does menopause have on a woman's reproductive hormones?

<p>They drop significantly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which portion of the reproductive cycle does fertilization occur?

<p>In the oviduct after ovulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must occur for an egg to be fertilized?

<p>Sperm must penetrate the layer of follicle cells surrounding the egg. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long can an egg survive after being ovulated if not fertilized?

<p>12 to 24 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action takes place to help move the egg through the oviduct?

<p>Ciliary movement in the oviduct (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) play during early pregnancy?

<p>It supports the implantation and development of the embryo. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of sensory receptors in the nervous system?

<p>Detecting stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the nervous system is primarily responsible for integrating sensory input?

<p>Central nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neuron carries signals from the central nervous system to muscles or glands?

<p>Efferent neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a neuron receives signals and transmits them to the cell body?

<p>Dendrites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the autonomic nervous system primarily control?

<p>Involuntary bodily functions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is involved in the body's response to stress?

<p>Sympathetic nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are interneurons primarily located?

<p>Central nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the afferent system in the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Receiving input from body receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is NOT synthesized in the posterior pituitary gland?

<p>Thyroxine (T4) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

<p>Increasing water reabsorption in kidneys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus?

<p>Stimulating the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of Growth Hormone (GH)?

<p>Stimulating protein synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of gigantism?

<p>Increased muscle mass with weaker muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the bone thickening associated with acromegaly?

<p>Increased secretion of growth hormone in adults (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the thyroid regulation feedback loop, what is released by the anterior pituitary?

<p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does thyroxine (T4) affect metabolism?

<p>Increases oxygen consumption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of iodine deficiency on the thyroid gland?

<p>Swelling of the thyroid gland , known as a goiter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a direct function of the thyroid gland?

<p>Promoting milk production in mammary glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

<p>To stimulate the secretion of thyroid hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)?

<p>Promoting the darkening of the skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of prolactin (PRL)?

<p>Stimulating breast development and milk production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of endorphins on the nervous system?

<p>Inhibit the perception of pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direct effect of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)?

<p>To directly stimulate growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ammonia Excretion in Aquatic Animals

Ammonia is the primary waste product of aquatic organisms, such as bony fish and marine invertebrates. It is efficiently excreted directly from the body in highly dilute forms, avoiding the need for complex metabolic processes.

Urea Formation

Urea is a nitrogenous waste product formed in the liver by combining ammonia with bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). This conversion reduces the toxicity of ammonia and allows for efficient storage and transport.

Uric Acid Excretion

Uric acid is a nitrogenous waste product derived from nucleic acid breakdown, specifically from purine bases like adenine and guanine. It's a non-toxic, insoluble substance excreted as a semi-solid paste in birds and some reptiles.

Osmoregulation

Osmoregulation is the process by which organisms maintain a stable internal water balance and concentration of solutes. It helps regulate the amount of water and salts within the body.

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Excretory System

The excretory system is a group of organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and removing them from the body. The excretory system also helps regulate water balance and maintain a stable internal environment.

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Relationship between Excretion and Osmoregulation

The excretory system and osmoregulation work together to maintain the proper water balance and remove waste products from the body. This is essential for overall health and survival.

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Excretion

Excretion is the process by which waste products are removed from the body. This includes metabolic byproducts, excess salts, and water.

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Advantages of Urea for Terrestrial Animals

Urea is produced by mammals, some reptiles, and most amphibians. This process requires less water for excretion compared to ammonia, making it advantageous for terrestrial animals.

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Kidneys

Bean-shaped organs that filter waste products from the blood and excrete them as urine.

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Renal Cortex

The outer layer of the kidney.

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Medulla

The inner layer of the kidney, found beneath the cortex.

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Renal Pelvis

The inner portion of the kidney that connects the kidney to the ureter.

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Nephron

The basic functional unit of the kidney.

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Renal Artery

The main artery that delivers blood to the kidneys.

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Renal Vein

The main vein that removes filtered blood from the kidneys.

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Urine

The fluid that is produced by the kidneys and contains metabolic waste products.

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What are the Islets of Langerhans?

A group of endocrine cells within the pancreas that produce insulin and glucagon.

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What is insulin?

A hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake by cells and glycogen storage in the liver.

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What is glucagon?

A hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to break down glycogen into glucose.

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What is diabetes mellitus?

A condition characterized by high blood glucose levels due to either insufficient insulin production (Type 1) or decreased responsiveness to insulin (Type 2).

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What is Type 1 diabetes?

A type of diabetes characterized by an autoimmune attack on the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas, resulting in insufficient insulin production.

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What is Type 2 diabetes?

A type of diabetes characterized by decreased responsiveness of cells to insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels despite insulin production.

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What is hyperglycemia?

The state of having high blood glucose levels.

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What is hypoglycemia?

The state of having low blood glucose levels.

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Afferent System

The part of the nervous system responsible for receiving sensory information from the body and sending it to the central nervous system.

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Efferent System

The part of the nervous system that carries signals from the central nervous system to the target parts of the body, such as muscles and glands.

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Somatic System

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements and responses to external stimuli. It sends signals to skeletal muscles.

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Autonomic System

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary actions like heart rate, digestion, and breathing. It sends signals to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and internal organs.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

The part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses to stressful situations. It increases heart rate, dilates pupils, and stimulates adrenaline release.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

The part of the autonomic nervous system that controls the body's 'rest and digest' functions. It slows heart rate, constricts pupils, and promotes digestion.

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Neurons

Specialized cells that transmit electrical signals throughout the nervous system. They have a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

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Dendrites

The specialized projections of neurons that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body.

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Oogenesis

The production of mature egg cells (ova) from immature oocytes in the ovaries through two meiotic cell divisions. This process is hormonally regulated by the pituitary gland.

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Menopause

The cessation of a woman's reproductive capability, characterized by the end of menstruation and a decline in female sex hormone levels.

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Ovulation

The monthly release of one or a few developing oocytes from the ovary into the nearby oviduct. The ovum is then transported through the oviduct by the beating of cilia.

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Ovarian Cycle

The cyclical events that occur in the ovaries from puberty to menopause, leading to the release of a mature egg roughly every 28 days.

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Menstrual Cycle

The recurring events that occur monthly in a sexually mature female, preparing the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized egg.

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Fertilization

The fusion of a sperm and an egg cell, which is essential for the initiation of pregnancy.

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Implantation

The process of a fertilized egg embedding itself in the uterine wall, marking the start of pregnancy. Hormones are released that support the ongoing pregnancy.

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Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

A hormone secreted by the embryo after implantation to maintain the corpus luteum in the ovary. This helps sustain the pregnancy and suppresses the mother's immune system to prevent rejection of the embryo.

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Thyroid Gland

A gland located at the base of the neck in humans, responsible for producing and secreting thyroxine (T4), a hormone crucial for regulating metabolism.

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Thyroxine (T4)

The main hormone produced by the thyroid gland, containing 4 iodine atoms. It regulates metabolism by increasing glucose metabolism, protein synthesis, and oxygen consumption.

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Hyperthyroidism

A thyroid disorder characterized by an overactive thyroid gland, often leading to increased metabolic rate and symptoms such as weight loss, anxiety, and increased heat release.

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Grave's Disease

An autoimmune disorder where antibodies bind to the TSH receptors on the thyroid gland, stimulating TSH secretion. This leads to an overactive thyroid and symptoms like protruding eyes and increased metabolic rate.

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Dwarfism

A deficiency in growth hormone secretion during childhood, resulting in stunted growth and an adult height of 4'10" or shorter.

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Gigantism

Over-production of growth hormone during childhood, leading to excessive growth and height, often caused by a tumor in the pituitary gland.

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Acromegaly

Increased growth hormone secretion during adulthood, resulting in thickening of bones, particularly in the face and extremities.

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Prolactin (PRL)

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates breast development and milk production.

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Growth Hormone (GH)

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of bones and soft tissues and helps control the metabolism of glucose and other fuel molecules.

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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones and the growth of the thyroid gland.

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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the secretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex.

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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the egg growth and development and the secretion of sex hormones in females.

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Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that regulates ovulation in females and the secretion of sex hormones in males.

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Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that promotes darkening of the skin.

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Endorphins

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that inhibits the perception of pain.

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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that targets the kidneys and increases blood volume and pressure by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.

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Oxytocin

A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that targets the uterus and mammary glands, promoting uterine contractions and stimulating milk release from the breasts.

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Study Notes

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Description

Test your knowledge on the primary functions of kidneys, their anatomical position, and the processes of urine production. This quiz covers important concepts related to renal physiology and the differences in nitrogenous waste excretion across species.

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