Kidney Functions and Hormones Overview

<p>Maximizing water reabsorption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excretion of metabolic waste. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breakdown of phosphocreatine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cyclic anhydride (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The patient's kidney function is impaired, leading to reduced creatinine excretion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphocreatine is converted to creatine, and creatine is converted to creatinine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volume of urine excreted per minute. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>80 ml/min (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To adjust creatinine clearance to the average body size. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urine creatinine concentration (U), plasma creatinine concentration (P), and urine volume (V). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urea is more readily reabsorbed in the renal tubules compared to creatinine, especially when GFR decreases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dietary sodium intake (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The patient has normal or above-normal kidney function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit creatinine secretion in the renal tubules, leading to an increase in serum creatinine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A moderate increase due to greater creatinine production from muscle metabolism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The serum creatinine level may overestimate her actual GFR due to reduced creatinine production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated levels of plasma proteins in the urine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Albumin molecules are smaller than globulin molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Albumin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The glomeruli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased levels of plasma proteins in the urine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect the onset of renal insufficiency and aid in diagnosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kidney function naturally declines with age, leading to a lower GFR. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To account for the generally lower muscle mass and creatinine production in females. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because higher serum creatinine indicates poorer waste filtration by the kidneys. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low GFR with a reversible acute increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a mathematical constant used for unit standardization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher GFR indicates better renal function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent accumulation of the drug in the body, which could lead to toxicity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cystatin C. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The kidneys maintain the balance of water in the body.

Kidneys regulate levels of electrolytes like sodium and potassium.

The kidneys help maintain the pH level of the blood.

Kidneys remove waste products from protein and nucleic acid metabolism.

Kidneys excrete metabolic byproducts like urea and creatinine.

The formula used to calculate creatinine clearance in ml/min: U/P X V X 1.73/A.

U stands for urine creatinine concentration measured in mg/dl over a 24-hour collection.

P represents plasma creatinine concentration, also in mg/dl, indicating blood levels.

V is the volume of urine output measured in milliliters per minute.

A represents the body surface area in square meters (m²), used to adjust creatinine clearance.

A waste product formed from the breakdown of phosphocreatine.

A waste product in the blood, used to assess kidney function.

A high-energy molecule used to store energy in muscles, broken down to produce creatinine.

Glomerular Filtration Rate, a measure of kidney function.

The process of removing waste products from the body, such as creatinine in urine.

A measure of urea in the blood, it rises with kidney dysfunction.

The last substance formed in a biochemical reaction, like creatinine from phosphocreatine.

Age, sex, exercise, drugs, and muscle mass can influence creatinine levels.

Certain medications like cimetidine and trimethoprim can alter creatinine levels.

A chemical compound that forms a cyclic structure with a loss of water, like creatinine from creatine.

Damage to glomeruli increases permeability, leading to protein in urine.

The presence of albumin in urine, indicating a pathological condition.

In a diseased state, glomeruli allow more substances to pass into urine.

Albumins are smaller proteins that pass more easily through damaged glomeruli than globulins.

A condition indicating disease; albuminuria is always pathological.

Inulin, Cystatin C, and creatinine are used.

Detect renal insufficiency and adjust drug dosages.

GFR decreases with age affecting kidney function.

Creatinine production depends on muscle mass and weight.

Multiply by 0.85 for females due to less muscle mass.

Indicates kidney efficiency in filtering waste.

Acute Renal Failure; sudden loss of kidney function.

Increases with acute kidney injury, indicating dysfunction.

Measures kidney function; rises with injury.