Kidney Functions and Anatomy Quiz

<p>Fine-tuning urine concentration via water reabsorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ascending Limb of Loop of Henle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bring blood into the glomerulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By maintaining the medullary osmotic gradient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood pressure adjustments in the glomerulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water and essential solutes are returned to the bloodstream (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filters blood and allows small solutes to form filtrate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases GFR (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrostatic capsule fluid pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>180L/day (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It detects changes in NaCl concentration in the filtrate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases GFR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tubuloglomerular feedback (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtration pressure and filtration coefficient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carries blood away from the glomerulus after filtration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They surround nephron tubules for reabsorption and secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintains the medullary osmotic gradient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blocks large proteins and blood cells from passing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasa recta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent arteriole → Peritubular capillaries → Vasa recta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filters plasma to create the filtrate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortical nephron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The kidneys perform six vital functions: regulating extracellular fluid volume, blood pressure, and osmolarity. They maintain ion balance, excrete waste, and produce hormones.

The cup-shaped structure surrounding the glomerulus where filtration occurs. It's the first step in urine formation, separating plasma from the blood.

The first section of the nephron's tubule where most water, salts, and nutrients are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.

The hairpin-shaped structure in the nephron responsible for concentrating urine by reabsorbing water in its descending limb and actively transporting salts out in its ascending limb.

A network of capillaries within Bowman's capsule where filtration occurs, separating plasma from blood.

These capillaries surround the proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct. They facilitate the exchange of substances between the blood and the nephron tubules.

These are specialized capillaries that run alongside the Loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons. They help maintain the concentration gradient in the medulla, crucial for urine concentration.

This arteriole carries blood into the glomerulus. It regulates blood flow into the nephron by adjusting its diameter.

This arteriole carries filtered blood away from the glomerulus.

A type of endothelium with pores that allow water and small molecules to pass through, but prevent blood cells and large proteins.

The process by which vasa recta reabsorb water and solutes without disrupting the medullary osmotic gradient.

Afferent means to bring in, this arteriole carries blood to the glomerulus for filtration.

The path of blood through the kidney: Afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries -> vasa recta.

Glomerular capillary blood pressure (55mmHg) promotes filtration by pushing fluid out of the blood and into Bowman's capsule.

Capillary colloid osmotic pressure (30mmHg) opposes filtration by pulling fluid back into the blood due to the presence of proteins in the plasma.

GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) is the volume of fluid filtered into Bowman's capsule per unit time. It represents how efficiently the kidneys filter blood.

GFR is primarily regulated by controlling blood flow through the renal arterioles. Changes in resistance of these vessels can alter the pressure gradient, influencing filtration.

Tubuloglomerular feedback is a paracrine control mechanism that helps auto-regulate GFR. It involves signaling between the nephron and the afferent arteriole.

The Juxtaglomerular apparatus is a specialized structure in the nephron that helps regulate GFR. It consists of the macula densa, which detects NaCl in the filtrate, and granular cells, which secrete renin.

Myogenic autoregulation is a mechanism that responds to stretch/diameter of vascular smooth muscle in the afferent arteriole, triggered by tubuloglomerular feedback. It helps maintain a stable GFR.