Kidney Function and Urinary System Overview

<p>Deep to the cortex, darker with cone-shaped medullary pyramids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perirenal fat capsule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Superior lumbar region between T12 and L5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The point where renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit the kidney (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Papillae → Minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal pelvis → Ureter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Major calyx (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortical nephrons cannot produce concentrated urine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sense NaCl content of filtrate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Efferent arteriole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20-25% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A ball of capillaries and a surrounding capsule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urine is formed from the filtrate after processing in renal tubules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They maintain water and Na+ balance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorption of water and solutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerular filtration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concentration of urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>95% water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urinary tract infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4.5 to 8.0 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe flank pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ureteral valves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vegetarian diet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lithotripsy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.001 to 1.035 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temporary storage of urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detrusor muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involuntary smooth muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dysuria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urinary retention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3-4 cm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stress incontinence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anatomy of the female urethra (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>70% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meiosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary oocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>23 chromosomes unpaired (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fertilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They determine an individual's sex. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meiosis results in four genetically different cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It creates genetic diversity among gametes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>46 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spermiogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type A daughter cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acrosome cap (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide energy for tail movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contains a secondary oocyte that has completed meiosis I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is arrested in the first meiotic prophase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It degenerates and ceases hormone production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Single viable secondary oocyte (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prophase I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>23 chromosomes with two sister chromatids each (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generation of genetic variation in gametes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Separation of sister chromatids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two new haploid cells are formed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divide by mitosis to form new spermatogonial cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haploid gametes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased genetic diversity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four haploid daughter cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After the formation of spermatids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different genetic combinations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Separation of sister chromatids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It degenerates and has minimal cytoplasm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ovulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It breaks down within 24 hours. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are dormant and not yet developed into follicles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tubal ligation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obesity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gonorrhea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevent sperm from reaching the uterine tubes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ovulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastrointestinal pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased estrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrauterine devices (IUD) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormonal therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genital herpes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasectomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mammography (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pelvic inflammatory disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asymptomatic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primordial follicles are stimulated to mature by FSH and LH. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A peak in LH secretion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progesterone and estrogen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Menstruation will begin as progesterone decreases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretory phase. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Follicular phase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>45 to 55 years. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regression of the corpus luteum and decrease in hormones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ovarian cancer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It maintains hormone secretion for pregnancy support. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The functional layer is shed during menstruation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased vascularization of the endometrium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kidneys maintain internal balance by regulating water, solutes, and acid-base levels; excreting waste and producing hormones.

Located in the superior lumbar region, between vertebrae T12 and L5; retroperitoneal.

Outermost region of the kidney; light-colored and granular.

Inside the cortex; darker, reddish-brown; composed of pyramids.

Cone-shaped structures in the renal medulla; base faces cortex, tip (papilla) faces kidney's interior.

Renal fascia anchors, perirenal fat cushions, and fibrous capsule protects.

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra work together to filter and remove waste.

Kidneys produce erythropoietin for red blood cell production and renin for blood pressure regulation.

Funnel-shaped tube that collects urine from the kidneys and connects to the ureter.

Cup-shaped structure that collects urine from the papillae of the kidney.

A larger structure that collects urine from minor calyces in the kidney.

The structural and functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and forming urine. Over one million per kidney.

The initial filtering unit within a nephron, consisting of a glomerulus and a glomerular capsule.

A ball of capillaries within the renal corpuscle where filtration of blood begins.

The cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus in the renal corpuscle, receiving filtered fluid (filtrate).

The part of the renal tubule closest to the renal corpuscle; reabsorbs substances from the filtrate.

The U-shaped portion of the renal tubule; involved in water and solute reabsorption and concentration.

The part of the renal tubule farthest from the renal corpuscle; involved in fine-tuning reabsorption and secretion of specific substances.

Receives filtrate from multiple nephrons, transporting to papillae, and adjusts urine concentration.

Nephrons located almost entirely within the cortex, about 85% of total nephrons.

Nephrons with long loops extending deep into the medulla, crucial for concentrated urine production.

Capillaries surrounding the renal tubules, responsible for reabsorbing substances from the filtrate.

Long vessels parallel to nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons, supporting concentrated urine formation.

Urine is primarily water (95%) and solutes (5%), including nitrogenous wastes like urea, uric acid, and creatinine.

An abnormal color, cloudy appearance, or unusual odor in urine can indicate a health problem.

Urine color is determined by urochrome, a pigment from hemoglobin breakdown. Deeper color means more concentrated urine.

Urine is slightly acidic (around pH 6), but can vary based on diet and health.

Specific gravity measures the density of urine compared to water. It ranges from 1.001 to 1.035 due to dissolved solutes.

Ureters are tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Kidney stones are crystals that form in the renal pelvis due to mineral buildup.

Most small stones pass naturally, but larger stones may require procedures like lithotripsy (shockwave therapy) to break them up.

A smooth triangular area inside the urinary bladder formed by the openings of the ureters and urethra. It's prone to holding onto infections.

The three layers of smooth muscle that make up the bladder wall, responsible for contracting to expel urine.

An involuntary (smooth muscle) sphincter located at the junction of the bladder and urethra, preventing urine leakage.

A voluntary (skeletal muscle) sphincter surrounding the urethra as it passes through the pelvic floor, allowing conscious control of urination.

Inflammation of the urethra, often caused by infection.

Inflammation of the bladder, often caused by infection.

Inflammation of the renal pelvis, often caused by infection.

The process of urination or voiding, involving the coordinated contraction of the detrusor muscle, relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter, and conscious relaxation of the external urethral sphincter.

Involuntary leakage of urine due to increased pressure in the abdomen, often triggered by coughing, sneezing, or laughing.

Involuntary leakage of urine due to the bladder overfilling and being unable to empty completely.

Sex cells, also known as sperm (male) and secondary oocytes (eggs) in females. They are haploid cells with 23 chromosomes each, capable of uniting during fertilization to form a new individual.

A type of cell division specific to sex cells that produces four daughter cells genetically different from the parent cell. It involves two rounds of division, ensuring genetic diversity in offspring.

Matching pairs of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent. They carry genes for the same traits but may have different versions of those genes (alleles).

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. It creates new combinations of genes, increasing genetic diversity.

Chromosomes that carry genes coding for cellular functions and most human characteristics, like eye color. There are 22 pairs of autosomes in humans.

Chromosomes that determine an individual's sex. Females have two X chromosomes (XX) and males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).

A cell with only one set of chromosomes (n). Gametes (sex cells) are haploid to ensure offspring receive the correct number of chromosomes.

The process of producing sperm cells in the testes. It involves a series of stages starting with stem cells and ending with mature spermatozoa.

The final stage of spermatogenesis where spermatids differentiate into mature spermatozoa (sperm). This involves shedding excess cytoplasm, elongating the nucleus, forming an acrosome cap, and developing a tail.

A cap-like structure at the head of a sperm cell containing enzymes that help penetrate the secondary oocyte (egg) during fertilization.

A stem cell in the testes that divides mitotically to produce more spermatogonia or spermatocytes.

A cell that enters meiosis I, the first stage of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half. It's formed from a spermatogonium.

A cell produced during meiosis I, containing half the number of chromosomes as the primary spermatocyte. It will further divide in meiosis II.

A cell that has undergone meiosis II and is almost ready to become a mature sperm cell. It has a nucleus, but lacks a tail or acrosome.

Cells that surround and support the developing oocyte (egg) in the ovary. They play a crucial role in oocyte development.

A temporary endocrine gland formed from the remnants of a ruptured follicle after ovulation. It secretes hormones that prepare the uterus for pregnancy.

A fluid-filled space that develops within a secondary follicle in the ovary. The amount of fluid increases as ovulation approaches.

The process of egg cell (oocyte) maturation starting from a primary oocyte to a secondary oocyte, occurring in stages throughout a female's life.

Primordial germ cells, oogonia, divide by mitosis and then enter meiosis but become arrested in prophase I, becoming primary oocytes. They remain arrested until puberty.

Primary follicles are stimulated by LH and FSH, maturing into secondary follicles with a primary oocyte. Usually only one matures fully and becomes a vesicular follicle.

The primary oocyte completes meiosis I, forming a secondary oocyte with most of the cytoplasm and a smaller nonfunctional polar body that regresses.

The secondary oocyte in the vesicular follicle enters metaphase II and becomes arrested again. It only completes meiosis if fertilized, otherwise it breaks down in 24 hours.

A condition where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, often on pelvic organs. This misplaced tissue responds to hormones and cannot be expelled normally, leading to pain and scarring.

Methods used to prevent pregnancy.

The only 100% effective method of preventing pregnancy, involving refraining from sexual intercourse.

A contraception method that physically prevents sperm from reaching the egg. Examples include condoms, diaphragms, and spermicidal gels.

A small device inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. It can either release copper or synthetic progesterone, both of which interfere with implantation.

Hormonal pills that prevent ovulation by suppressing the LH surge, effectively preventing pregnancy.

A surgical procedure where the fallopian tubes are cut and tied off, preventing sperm from reaching the egg.

An outpatient procedure where the vas deferens, the tube transporting sperm, is cut and tied off. This blocks sperm from leaving the testicles.

Factors associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer. Examples include family history, longer reproductive span, obesity, nulliparity, and genes like BRCA1 and BRCA2.

A noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland commonly seen in older men. It's caused by hormonal changes and can compress the urethra, leading to frequent urination.

A malignant tumor of the prostate gland, more common in men over 50. It can be asymptomatic initially but later leads to urinary problems. It's screened with digital rectal exams and PSA tests.

Infectious diseases spread through sexual contact. Many STIs cause no symptoms or go unnoticed, leading to complications like pelvic inflammatory disease.

A common STI caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It often shows no symptoms but can cause vaginal discharge, painful urination, and back pain.

An STI caused by the herpes simplex virus, resulting in cyclical outbreaks of blisters in the genital and anal regions. There's no cure, but antiviral medications can manage symptoms.

An STI caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, spread through sexual contact or from mother to baby during childbirth.

The first phase of the ovarian cycle (days 1-13), where primary follicles develop into secondary follicles, with one becoming a mature vesicular follicle. It involves the production of estrogen and the completion of meiosis I by the primary oocyte.

The release of a secondary oocyte from the mature vesicular follicle. It usually occurs on day 14 of the ovarian cycle, triggered by a surge in LH.

The final phase of the ovarian cycle (days 15-28) where the remaining follicle cells form the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine gland that secretes progesterone and estrogen. It prepares the uterine lining for pregnancy.

The cessation of menstrual cycles for a year or longer in women, typically occurring between ages 45-55. It signifies the end of a woman's reproductive capacity.

A fertilized secondary oocyte that implants in the uterine wall and starts secreting hCG, mimicking LH and maintaining the corpus luteum.

A hormone produced by the pre-embryo, mimicking LH and stimulating the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone and estrogen.

A common malignancy of the female reproductive system, often linked to HPV infection. Early detection through Pap smears is crucial for timely treatment.

A screening test for cervical cancer, involving collecting epithelial cells from the cervix and examining them for abnormal growth.

The cyclical changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus, influenced by estrogen and progesterone. It typically lasts 28 days, but can vary.

The first phase of the uterine cycle (days 1-5) where the functional layer of the endometrium is shed, causing menstrual bleeding.

The second phase of the uterine cycle (days 6-14) where a new functional layer of endometrium develops, influenced by rising estrogen levels.

The third phase of the uterine cycle (days 15-28) where the uterine lining is further prepared for implantation by increasing progesterone levels from the corpus luteum.

The ovarian and uterine cycles are closely synchronized. The menstrual phase corresponds to the follicular phase, the proliferative phase to the follicular phase and ovulation, and the secretory phase to the luteal phase.