Kidney Function and Structure Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is primarily responsible for the high osmolarity found in the medulla?

  • Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
  • Urea and NaCl (correct)
  • Volume of urine produced
  • Blood pressure

    • What causes the relaxation of the urethral sphincter during micturition?

  • Contraction of bladder muscles
  • Increased osmolarity in urine
  • Decreased blood flow to the bladder
  • Signal from the central nervous system (correct)

    • Which substance is converted by renin to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor?

  • Vasopressin
  • Angiotensinogen (correct)
  • Atrial-Natriuretic Factor
  • Glucose

    • What is the main reason for kidney transplant being considered the ultimate remedy for kidney failure?

    <p>It eliminates the need for hemodialysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of glucose in urine indicate?

    <p>Possible Diabetes Mellitus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms eliminates ammonia as their primary nitrogenous waste product?

    <p>Fishes and amphibians (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Juxta-Glomerular Apparatus (JGA) in relation to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>To regulate blood flow and pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the kidney is primarily responsible for the ultra-filtration of blood?

    <p>Glomerulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs predominantly in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?

    <p>Reabsorption of most nutrients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water, contributing to the dilution of the filtrate?

    <p>Ascending loop of Henle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure collects urine from the nephrons before it is sent to the renal pelvis?

    <p>Collecting duct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous waste product is less toxic and allows for water conservation during excretion?

    <p>Uric acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of urine formation is primarily aided by the counter-current mechanism in the nephron?

    <p>Concentration of urine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Excretion

    The process of removing waste products from the body.

    Ammonia

    A type of nitrogenous waste that is highly toxic, typically excreted by aquatic animals.

    Urea

    A less toxic form of nitrogenous waste, often excreted by mammals and some amphibians.

    Uric acid

    The least toxic nitrogenous waste, commonly excreted by birds, reptiles, and insects.

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    Nephron

    The functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

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    Glomerular filtration

    The process of removing water and small solutes from blood in the glomerulus of the nephron.

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    Reabsorption

    The process by which useful substances are taken back into the bloodstream from the nephron.

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    Secretion

    The process of actively secreting waste products into the nephron from the bloodstream.

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    Micturition

    The process of excreting urine by the kidneys, bladder, and urethra. It involves the collection, storage, and expulsion of urine from the body.

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    ADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone)

    Hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland in response to low blood pressure, leading to increased water reabsorption by the kidneys. It helps maintain blood pressure and volume.

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    Glycosuria

    A condition where excess glucose is found in the urine, often indicating diabetes mellitus. The kidneys cannot reabsorb all the glucose from the blood.

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    Ketonuria

    A condition where ketone bodies are present in the urine, often indicating uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Ketone bodies are produced when the body uses fat as a primary energy source due to insufficient glucose.

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    Study Notes

    Kidney Function and Structure

    • Kidney Structure: Bean-shaped, located between the last thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. Averages 10-12 cm in length, 5-7 cm in width, and 2-3 cm in thickness. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons.

    • Toxicity: Ammonia is the most toxic waste product, followed by urea and uric acid.

    • Excretion Types: Ammonotelic animals (aquatic fish, insects) excrete ammonia, while ureotelic animals (terrestrial amphibians, marine fish) excrete urea, and uricotelic animals (reptiles, birds, land snails) excrete uric acid. Mammals do not excret through the kidneys.

    • Excretory Structures: Kidneys process metabolic waste and maintain water and electrolyte balance.

    Excretory Products

    • Protonephridia/Flame Cells: Platyhelminthes, Rotifers, and some annelids use these structures for excretion.
    • Nephridia: Excretory structures in annelids, some cephalochordates.
    • Malpighian Tubules: Found in insects, used for excretion.
    • Antennal/Green Glands: Excretory structures in crustaceans and some other arthropods.

    Urine Formation

    • Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): 125 ml/min, or approximately 180 liters per day, involves filtration of blood in the glomerulus.
    • Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Absorbs about 70-80% of electrolytes and nutrients from the filtrate.
    • Henle's Loop: Concentrates the filtrate by decreasing permeability to ions.
    • Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT): Further regulates electrolyte and water balance and secretes waste products like hydrogen ions.
    • Collecting Duct: Reabsorbs water, creating a concentrated urine.

    Urine Regulation

    • Hormonal Control: ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and aldosterone regulate water reabsorption and electrolyte balance.
    • Juxtamedullary Apparatus (JGA): Plays a crucial role in regulating GFR, via the release of renin.
    • Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF): Involved in lowering blood pressure.
    • Countercurrent Mechanism: Creates a concentration gradient in the kidney medulla to reabsorb water.

    Disorders

    • Uremia: Urea accumulation in the blood, often leading to kidney failure.
    • Renal Calculi: Stones formed from crystallized salts in the kidney.
    • Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidney.
    • Diabetes Mellitus: Impacted by urine pH, glucose, and ketonuria levels.

    Hemodialysis

    • Process: Cleanses the blood of waste products when the kidneys fail.

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    Related Documents

    NEET GURU Chap 19 Excretory product and their Elimination PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the structure and function of kidneys, including excretory mechanisms in various organisms. Explore the differences in waste excretion between ammonia, urea, and uric acid. This quiz covers key concepts in comparative physiology.

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