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Questions and Answers
What is the approximate range for plasma sodium concentration?
What is the approximate range for plasma sodium concentration?
What is the approximate normal Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) using creatinine clearance for males, expressed in milliliters per minute?
What is the approximate normal Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) using creatinine clearance for males, expressed in milliliters per minute?
Which of the following structures is responsible for reabsorbing approximately 25% of the filtered load?
Which of the following structures is responsible for reabsorbing approximately 25% of the filtered load?
What percentage of the filtered load is reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule, and the Collecting Tubule combined?
What percentage of the filtered load is reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule, and the Collecting Tubule combined?
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Which vertebrae do the kidneys span?
Which vertebrae do the kidneys span?
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What is the normal range of urine osmolality for concentrated urine?
What is the normal range of urine osmolality for concentrated urine?
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What is the normal range of serum creatinine concentration?
What is the normal range of serum creatinine concentration?
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What is the normal range for plasma potassium concentration?
What is the normal range for plasma potassium concentration?
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What is the normal range for intracellular potassium concentration?
What is the normal range for intracellular potassium concentration?
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What is the normal urine osmolality in response to hypernatremia?
What is the normal urine osmolality in response to hypernatremia?
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What is the range of hydrogen concentration compatible with survival?
What is the range of hydrogen concentration compatible with survival?
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How many milliequivalents of hydrogen do the kidneys excrete per day?
How many milliequivalents of hydrogen do the kidneys excrete per day?
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How many millimoles of CO2 are produced daily?
How many millimoles of CO2 are produced daily?
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What is the average daily dietary potassium intake?
What is the average daily dietary potassium intake?
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What is the normal GFR for young adults?
What is the normal GFR for young adults?
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What percentage increase in serum creatinine compared to baseline within 7 hours is criteria for AKI?
What percentage increase in serum creatinine compared to baseline within 7 hours is criteria for AKI?
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What GFR range is classified as Stage 3 CKD?
What GFR range is classified as Stage 3 CKD?
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What percentage of total body water is extracellular fluid?
What percentage of total body water is extracellular fluid?
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What is the urine osmolality in hyponatremia caused by primary polydipsia?
What is the urine osmolality in hyponatremia caused by primary polydipsia?
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What is the urine sodium concentration in SIADH?
What is the urine sodium concentration in SIADH?
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What is the formula for Ideal Body Weight (IBW) for females?
What is the formula for Ideal Body Weight (IBW) for females?
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What is the formula for Adjusted Body Weight (AdjBW)?
What is the formula for Adjusted Body Weight (AdjBW)?
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What are the normal ranges for serum creatinine concentration and serum osmolality, respectively?
What are the normal ranges for serum creatinine concentration and serum osmolality, respectively?
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What percentage of the filtered load is reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) and the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) combined?
What percentage of the filtered load is reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) and the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) combined?
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Which of the following options correctly describes the percentage of cardiac output the kidneys receive and the approximate number of nephrons in each kidney?
Which of the following options correctly describes the percentage of cardiac output the kidneys receive and the approximate number of nephrons in each kidney?
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What is the normal range of urine osmolality for concentrated urine, and how much of the filtered load is excreted as urine?
What is the normal range of urine osmolality for concentrated urine, and how much of the filtered load is excreted as urine?
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What is the normal GFR for males and females, respectively?
What is the normal GFR for males and females, respectively?
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What percentage of the filtered load is reabsorbed in the thick ascending loop of Henle, and what is the normal range of sodium intake and excretion per day?
What percentage of the filtered load is reabsorbed in the thick ascending loop of Henle, and what is the normal range of sodium intake and excretion per day?
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What is the normal range of urine osmolality for diluted urine, and what vertebrae do the kidneys span?
What is the normal range of urine osmolality for diluted urine, and what vertebrae do the kidneys span?
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What percentage of the total body weight do the combined weight of both kidneys represent, and what is the normal range for plasma sodium concentration?
What percentage of the total body weight do the combined weight of both kidneys represent, and what is the normal range for plasma sodium concentration?
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What is the normal GFR range?
What is the normal GFR range?
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What urine volume for 6 hours constitutes a criteria for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?
What urine volume for 6 hours constitutes a criteria for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?
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What is the minimum urine pH?
What is the minimum urine pH?
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What pH range is compatible with survival?
What pH range is compatible with survival?
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What plasma sodium concentration defines hyponatremia?
What plasma sodium concentration defines hyponatremia?
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What is the normal urine output per hour?
What is the normal urine output per hour?
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What GFR range is classified as Stage 4 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
What GFR range is classified as Stage 4 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
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What is the urine sodium concentration in hyponatremia caused by effective circulating volume depletion?
What is the urine sodium concentration in hyponatremia caused by effective circulating volume depletion?
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What GFR classification is considered Stage 1 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
What GFR classification is considered Stage 1 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
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What percentage of extracellular fluid is in the intravascular volume?
What percentage of extracellular fluid is in the intravascular volume?
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Study Notes
Kidney Function and Disorders
- Kidney Weight: 0.5% of total body weight.
- Kidney Location: 12th thoracic to 3rd lumbar vertebrae.
- Kidney Blood Flow: 20% of cardiac output.
- Nephrons per Kidney: Approximately 1 million.
- Normal Male GFR: 120 ± 25 mL/min.
- Normal Female GFR: 95 ± 20 mL/min.
- Serum Creatinine Range: 0.8 to 1.3 mg/dL.
- Serum Osmolality Range: 280 to 290 mOsm/kg.
- Diluted Urine Osmolality: 50-100 mOsm/kg.
- Concentrated Urine Osmolality: 900-1200 mOsm/kg.
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) Reabsorption: 67% of filtered load.
- Thick Ascending Loop of Henle Reabsorption: 25% of filtered load.
- Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) Reabsorption: 5% of filtered load.
- Collecting Tubule Reabsorption: 3% of filtered load.
- Urine Excretion: 0.4% of filtered load.
- Normal Sodium Intake/Excretion: 80-250 mEq/day.
- Normal Plasma Sodium Concentration: 135-145 mEq/L.
- Normal Plasma Potassium Concentration: 3.5-5 millimoles.
- Intracellular Potassium Concentration: 135-145 millimoles.
- Urine Osmolality in Hypernatremia: 1000-1200 mOsm/kg.
- pH Range for Survival: 6.8 to 7.8.
- Hydrogen Concentration Range for Survival: 16 to 120 nanoequivalents per liter.
- Minimum Urine pH: 4.5.
- Hydrogen Excretion per Day: 50-100 milliequivalents.
- Daily CO2 Production: 15,000 millimoles.
- Daily Non-Carbonic Acid Production: 50-100 milliequivalents.
- Average Dietary Potassium Intake: 80-120 millimoles.
Kidney Function and Disorders (cont.)
- Normal GFR Range: 80-120 mL/min.
- Normal GFR for Young Adults: 120 mL/min/1.73m².
- Normal Urine Output: 0.5 mL/kg/hour.
- Normal BUN Range: 6 to 20 mg/dL.
- AKI Serum Creatinine Increase (48 hours): 0.3 mg/dL.
- AKI Serum Creatinine Increase (7 hours): 50%.
- AKI Urine Volume (6 hours): Less than 0.5 ml/kg/hr.
- Stage 1 CKD GFR: Over 90.
- Stage 2 CKD GFR: 60-89.
- Stage 3 CKD GFR: 30-59.
- Stage 4 CKD GFR: 15-29.
- Stage 5 CKD GFR: Less than 15.
- Intracellular Fluid Percentage: Two-thirds.
- Extracellular Fluid Percentage: One-third.
- Intravascular Fluid Percentage: One-quarter.
- Interstitial Fluid Percentage: Three-quarters.
Definitions and Concepts
- Hyponatremia Plasma Sodium: Below 135 mEq/L.
- Hypernatremia Plasma Sodium: Above 145-147 mEq/L.
- Hyponatremia (Primary Polydipsia) Urine Osmolality: Below 100 mOsm/kg.
- Hyponatremia (Effective Circulating Volume Depletion) Urine Sodium (UNa): Less than 25 mEq/L.
- SIADH Urine Sodium (UNa): Usually above 40 mEq/L.
- Male IBW Formula: 50 kg + 2.3 kg for each inch over 5 feet.
- Female IBW Formula: 45.5 kg + 2.3 kg for each inch over 5 feet.
- Adjusted Body Weight (AdjBW) Formula: IBW + 0.4 x (TBW - IBW).
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Description
Test your knowledge on kidney anatomy and physiology with this quiz on kidney functions and disorders. Explore concepts such as GFR, osmolality, and nephron reabsorption rates. Perfect for students and healthcare professionals alike.
