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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the kidney?
What is the primary function of the kidney?
Which part of the nephron is responsible for the initial filtration of blood?
Which part of the nephron is responsible for the initial filtration of blood?
Which function is NOT performed by the kidneys?
Which function is NOT performed by the kidneys?
What is the role of the distal convoluted tubule in the nephron?
What is the role of the distal convoluted tubule in the nephron?
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What does the 'A WET BED' acronym help to remember about kidney functions?
What does the 'A WET BED' acronym help to remember about kidney functions?
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Which of the following substances is NOT typically reabsorbed in the nephron?
Which of the following substances is NOT typically reabsorbed in the nephron?
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Where does urine collect before it is transported to the ureter?
Where does urine collect before it is transported to the ureter?
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Which hormone produced by the kidneys is essential for red blood cell production?
Which hormone produced by the kidneys is essential for red blood cell production?
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What percentage of the filtrate produced in the kidneys becomes urine?
What percentage of the filtrate produced in the kidneys becomes urine?
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Which process occurs when water and small molecules are forced out of glomerular capillaries?
Which process occurs when water and small molecules are forced out of glomerular capillaries?
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Where does tubular reabsorption primarily take place?
Where does tubular reabsorption primarily take place?
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What is the main effect of aldosterone in the renal system?
What is the main effect of aldosterone in the renal system?
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Which of the following statements about renal function is accurate?
Which of the following statements about renal function is accurate?
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What is the normal urinary output for a person over a 24 hour period?
What is the normal urinary output for a person over a 24 hour period?
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Which hormone is primarily involved in the regulation of water retention in the kidneys?
Which hormone is primarily involved in the regulation of water retention in the kidneys?
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What is the primary purpose of tubular secretion in renal function?
What is the primary purpose of tubular secretion in renal function?
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What is a common symptom of chronic glomerulonephritis?
What is a common symptom of chronic glomerulonephritis?
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Which of the following treatments is typically used for renal failure?
Which of the following treatments is typically used for renal failure?
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What characterizes acute renal failure?
What characterizes acute renal failure?
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Which of the following is a common cause of cystitis?
Which of the following is a common cause of cystitis?
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What is a common symptom of acute glomerulonephritis?
What is a common symptom of acute glomerulonephritis?
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What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
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Where is atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) secreted from?
Where is atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) secreted from?
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What triggers the micturition reflex?
What triggers the micturition reflex?
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What is the role of descending pathways in the micturition reflex?
What is the role of descending pathways in the micturition reflex?
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What does increased Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys result in?
What does increased Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys result in?
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What is the primary anatomical function of the ureters?
What is the primary anatomical function of the ureters?
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Which type of fluid is found in the intracellular fluid compartment?
Which type of fluid is found in the intracellular fluid compartment?
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How does increased action potential frequency affect the urge to urinate?
How does increased action potential frequency affect the urge to urinate?
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What is the most significant role of active transport in the kidneys regarding phosphate and sulfate ions?
What is the most significant role of active transport in the kidneys regarding phosphate and sulfate ions?
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Which of the following statements about buffers is true?
Which of the following statements about buffers is true?
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What condition is indicated by a blood pH falling below 7.35?
What condition is indicated by a blood pH falling below 7.35?
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What is a common characteristic of respiratory acidosis?
What is a common characteristic of respiratory acidosis?
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What triggers metabolic alkalosis?
What triggers metabolic alkalosis?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of acute renal failure?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of acute renal failure?
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How do the kidneys help in regulating the pH of body fluids?
How do the kidneys help in regulating the pH of body fluids?
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Which of the following best describes the response time of the kidneys in regulating pH compared to the respiratory system?
Which of the following best describes the response time of the kidneys in regulating pH compared to the respiratory system?
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Study Notes
Kidney Function
- Filters blood, removes waste products (Creatinine & Urea), controls acid-base balance, absorbs water
- Produces:
- Renin (regulates blood pressure)
- Calcitriol (vitamin D)
- Erythropoietin (hormone for red blood cell production)
- Remember: A WET BED - functions of the kidneys include:
- Acid-base balance
- Water balance
- Electrolyte balance
- Toxin removal
- Blood pressure control
- Erythropoietin
- Vitamin D metabolism
Anatomy
- Bean-shaped organ with a hilum
- Renal artery brings blood in, renal vein takes blood away
- Ureter carries urine away from kidneys
- Renal cortex is the outer layer, contains most nephrons
- Renal medulla is the inner layer, contains renal pyramids
- Renal pelvis collects urine from renal pyramids and empties into ureter
Nephron
- Functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine
-
Parts:
- Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule): surrounds glomerulus and collects filtrate
- Glomerulus: ball of capillaries, site of filtration
- Proximal convoluted tubule: first segment of renal tubule, reabsorption occurs here
- Loop of Henle:
- Descending limb: permeable to water
- Ascending limb: impermeable to water
- Distal convoluted tubule: second segment of renal tubule, reabsorption and secretion occur here
- Collecting duct: carries urine to the renal pelvis
Urine Production
- 180 liters of filtrate produced daily, only 1-2 liters becomes urine
- Filtration: blood pressure pushes water and small molecules into Bowman’s capsule
- Tubular Reabsorption: filtrate is reabsorbed back into the blood in the peritubular capillaries
- Tubular Secretion: waste products from blood are moved into the tubular fluid to be excreted
Regulation of Urine Volume and Concentration
- Urine production helps maintain blood volume and therefore blood pressure
- Increased blood volume leads to increased blood pressure, decreased blood volume decreases blood pressure
-
Hormonal Mechanisms:
- Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone System (RAAS): aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption, increasing blood volume
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): regulates water reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
- Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH): released from heart when blood pressure is high, decreases sodium reabsorption, increases urine volume
Urine Movement
- Ureters carry urine from kidneys to bladder
- Urinary bladder stores urine before it is released
- Urethra carries urine from bladder out of the body
- Micturition Reflex: activated by stretch of bladder wall, increases bladder contraction, relaxes external sphincter
Control of Micturition Reflex
- Stretch receptors send signals to the spinal cord, activating the micturition reflex
- Higher brain centers can control the reflex, allowing voluntary control of urination
Body Fluid Compartments
- Intracellular fluid compartment: fluid inside all cells
- Phosphate and Sulfate Ions: reabsorbed by active transport in the kidneys, excess is excreted in urine
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
- Buffers: resist changes in pH, combine with or release H+ ions
- Respiratory system: responds rapidly to pH changes, eliminates CO2 to adjust pH
- Kidneys: secrete H+ into urine, slow but powerful regulator of pH
Acidosis and Alkalosis
-
Acidosis: blood pH below 7.35, affects central nervous system
- Respiratory acidosis: inability to exhale CO2
- Metabolic acidosis: excess acid production or decreased ability of kidneys to eliminate H+
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Alkalosis: blood pH above 7.45, hyper-excitability of nervous system
- Respiratory alkalosis: hyperventilation
- Metabolic alkalosis: rapid elimination of H+ from the body
Acute Renal Failure
- Sudden and severe decrease in kidney function
- Causes: dehydration, infections, trauma, toxins, diseases (diabetes, high blood pressure)
- Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling
- Treatments: dialysis, medications
Disease and Disorders of the Urinary System
-
Glomerulonephritis: inflammation of the glomeruli
- Acute glomerulonephritis: sudden onset, often follows bacterial infection
- Chronic glomerulonephritis: long-term, progressive, can damage kidneys
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Renal Failure: kidneys are unable to filter waste products
- Acute renal failure: sudden onset, may be reversible
- Chronic renal failure: long-term, progressive decline in kidney function
-
Cystitis: inflammation of the bladder, often caused by bacterial infection
- Symptoms: pain or burning during urination, frequent urination, blood in the urine
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Description
Test your knowledge on the functions and anatomy of the kidneys! This quiz covers important aspects such as blood filtration, waste removal, and the structure of the nephron. Review key concepts that every biology student should know about renal physiology and anatomy.