Kidney Function and Anatomy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the kidney?

  • Regulation of body fluid composition (correct)
  • Absorption of nutrients
  • Production of hormones only
  • Storage of urine
  • Which part of the nephron is responsible for the initial filtration of blood?

  • Glomerulus (correct)
  • Collecting duct
  • Loop of Henle
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Which function is NOT performed by the kidneys?

  • Regulates blood pressure
  • Filters blood
  • Removes wastes
  • Produces insulin (correct)
  • What is the role of the distal convoluted tubule in the nephron?

    <p>Site of absorption and secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'A WET BED' acronym help to remember about kidney functions?

    <p>Functions associated with fluid balance and waste removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is NOT typically reabsorbed in the nephron?

    <p>Creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does urine collect before it is transported to the ureter?

    <p>Renal pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone produced by the kidneys is essential for red blood cell production?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the filtrate produced in the kidneys becomes urine?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs when water and small molecules are forced out of glomerular capillaries?

    <p>Glomerular Filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does tubular reabsorption primarily take place?

    <p>Renal tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of aldosterone in the renal system?

    <p>Increases Na+ reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about renal function is accurate?

    <p>Urine production can help maintain blood volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal urinary output for a person over a 24 hour period?

    <p>1-2 liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily involved in the regulation of water retention in the kidneys?

    <p>Antidiuretic Hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of tubular secretion in renal function?

    <p>Excreting waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of chronic glomerulonephritis?

    <p>Proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is typically used for renal failure?

    <p>Dialysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes acute renal failure?

    <p>Sudden onset, potentially reversible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of cystitis?

    <p>Bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of acute glomerulonephritis?

    <p>Symptoms usually subside after a few weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

    <p>Regulates water reabsorption in kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) secreted from?

    <p>Cardiac muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the micturition reflex?

    <p>Stretch of the urinary bladder wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of descending pathways in the micturition reflex?

    <p>Inhibit the reflex to prevent urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does increased Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys result in?

    <p>Increased blood volume and pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary anatomical function of the ureters?

    <p>To carry urine from the kidney to the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fluid is found in the intracellular fluid compartment?

    <p>Fluid inside all body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased action potential frequency affect the urge to urinate?

    <p>Enhances the conscious urge to urinate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant role of active transport in the kidneys regarding phosphate and sulfate ions?

    <p>It regulates the concentration of ions in body fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about buffers is true?

    <p>Buffers release H+ when there is a decrease in concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by a blood pH falling below 7.35?

    <p>Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of respiratory acidosis?

    <p>It results from the respiratory system's inability to eliminate adequate CO2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Severe vomiting or excess aldosterone secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of acute renal failure?

    <p>High protein diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the kidneys help in regulating the pH of body fluids?

    <p>They secrete H+ into the urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the response time of the kidneys in regulating pH compared to the respiratory system?

    <p>The kidneys respond more slowly than the respiratory system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Kidney Function

    • Filters blood, removes waste products (Creatinine & Urea), controls acid-base balance, absorbs water
    • Produces:
      • Renin (regulates blood pressure)
      • Calcitriol (vitamin D)
      • Erythropoietin (hormone for red blood cell production)
    • Remember: A WET BED - functions of the kidneys include:
      • Acid-base balance
      • Water balance
      • Electrolyte balance
      • Toxin removal
      • Blood pressure control
      • Erythropoietin
      • Vitamin D metabolism

    Anatomy

    • Bean-shaped organ with a hilum
    • Renal artery brings blood in, renal vein takes blood away
    • Ureter carries urine away from kidneys
    • Renal cortex is the outer layer, contains most nephrons
    • Renal medulla is the inner layer, contains renal pyramids
    • Renal pelvis collects urine from renal pyramids and empties into ureter

    Nephron

    • Functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine
    • Parts:
      • Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule): surrounds glomerulus and collects filtrate
      • Glomerulus: ball of capillaries, site of filtration
      • Proximal convoluted tubule: first segment of renal tubule, reabsorption occurs here
      • Loop of Henle:
        • Descending limb: permeable to water
        • Ascending limb: impermeable to water
      • Distal convoluted tubule: second segment of renal tubule, reabsorption and secretion occur here
      • Collecting duct: carries urine to the renal pelvis

    Urine Production

    • 180 liters of filtrate produced daily, only 1-2 liters becomes urine
    • Filtration: blood pressure pushes water and small molecules into Bowman’s capsule
    • Tubular Reabsorption: filtrate is reabsorbed back into the blood in the peritubular capillaries
    • Tubular Secretion: waste products from blood are moved into the tubular fluid to be excreted

    Regulation of Urine Volume and Concentration

    • Urine production helps maintain blood volume and therefore blood pressure
    • Increased blood volume leads to increased blood pressure, decreased blood volume decreases blood pressure
    • Hormonal Mechanisms:
      • Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone System (RAAS): aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption, increasing blood volume
      • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): regulates water reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
      • Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH): released from heart when blood pressure is high, decreases sodium reabsorption, increases urine volume

    Urine Movement

    • Ureters carry urine from kidneys to bladder
    • Urinary bladder stores urine before it is released
    • Urethra carries urine from bladder out of the body
    • Micturition Reflex: activated by stretch of bladder wall, increases bladder contraction, relaxes external sphincter

    Control of Micturition Reflex

    • Stretch receptors send signals to the spinal cord, activating the micturition reflex
    • Higher brain centers can control the reflex, allowing voluntary control of urination

    Body Fluid Compartments

    • Intracellular fluid compartment: fluid inside all cells
    • Phosphate and Sulfate Ions: reabsorbed by active transport in the kidneys, excess is excreted in urine

    Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

    • Buffers: resist changes in pH, combine with or release H+ ions
    • Respiratory system: responds rapidly to pH changes, eliminates CO2 to adjust pH
    • Kidneys: secrete H+ into urine, slow but powerful regulator of pH

    Acidosis and Alkalosis

    • Acidosis: blood pH below 7.35, affects central nervous system
      • Respiratory acidosis: inability to exhale CO2
      • Metabolic acidosis: excess acid production or decreased ability of kidneys to eliminate H+
    • Alkalosis: blood pH above 7.45, hyper-excitability of nervous system
      • Respiratory alkalosis: hyperventilation
      • Metabolic alkalosis: rapid elimination of H+ from the body

    Acute Renal Failure

    • Sudden and severe decrease in kidney function
    • Causes: dehydration, infections, trauma, toxins, diseases (diabetes, high blood pressure)
    • Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling
    • Treatments: dialysis, medications

    Disease and Disorders of the Urinary System

    • Glomerulonephritis: inflammation of the glomeruli
      • Acute glomerulonephritis: sudden onset, often follows bacterial infection
      • Chronic glomerulonephritis: long-term, progressive, can damage kidneys
    • Renal Failure: kidneys are unable to filter waste products
      • Acute renal failure: sudden onset, may be reversible
      • Chronic renal failure: long-term, progressive decline in kidney function
    • Cystitis: inflammation of the bladder, often caused by bacterial infection
      • Symptoms: pain or burning during urination, frequent urination, blood in the urine

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the functions and anatomy of the kidneys! This quiz covers important aspects such as blood filtration, waste removal, and the structure of the nephron. Review key concepts that every biology student should know about renal physiology and anatomy.

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