Kidney Disease Medications Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which class of drugs is most commonly used for treating hypertension?

  • ACE Inhibitors
  • Loop Diuretics
  • Potassium Sparing Diuretics
  • Thiazide Diuretics (correct)

    • Which of the following is a common side effect associated with thiazide diuretics?

  • Hyperkalemia
  • Ototoxicity
  • Hypokalemia (correct)
  • Angioedema

    • What is the primary mechanism of action for ACE inhibitors?

  • Blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (correct)
  • Blocking aldosterone receptors
  • Inhibiting renin production
  • Directly relaxing smooth muscles

    • Which of the following drugs is classified as both a potassium-sparing diuretic and an aldosterone receptor blocker?

    <p>Spironolactone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is commonly associated with ACE inhibitors but is rarely seen with ARBs?

    <p>Persistent cough (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs directly blocks the vasoconstrictive effects of angiotensin II after it has been formed?

    <p>ARBs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential risk associated with potassium-sparing diuretics?

    <p>Hyperkalemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is NOT an ACE inhibitor?

    <p>Losartan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications can be used to treat heart failure, but only for a limited time due to its risk of ventricular dysrhythmias?

    <p>Milrinone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of using digoxin to treat heart failure?

    <p>Visual disturbances like halos (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors in treating heart failure?

    <p>Reducing sodium and water retention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason for sodium and water retention in patients with heart failure?

    <p>Decreased renal blood flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a combination drug specifically used for treating heart failure in African American patients?

    <p>Isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are beta-adrenergic antagonists?

    <p>carvedilol (A), metoprolol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is marketed in combination with amlodipine?

    <p>aliskiren (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers on blood vessels?

    <p>They block calcium channels, causing relaxation of smooth muscle and vasodilation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these medications are commonly prescribed for hypertension?

    <p>Metoprolol and carvedilol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class mentioned is associated with a risk of bronchoconstriction?

    <p>Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of alpha 1 adrenergic blockers?

    <p>Inderal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications are primarily used to treat dysrhythmias?

    <p>Verapamil and diltiazem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential side effect associated with alpha 2 adrenergic blockers?

    <p>Hemolytic anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Diuretics

    Medications that promote urinary elimination to manage fluid overload in hypertension.

    Loop Diuretics

    Strong diuretics acting on the Loop of Henle; used for severe hypertension.

    Thiazide Diuretics

    Common diuretics acting on the distal tubule to reduce hypertension.

    Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

    Diuretics that prevent potassium loss but provide modest diuresis.

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    ACE Inhibitors

    Medications that inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to II, reducing vasoconstriction.

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    Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

    Block action of angiotensin II, reducing vasoconstriction effects in hypertension.

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    Aldosterone Receptor Blockers

    These drugs block aldosterone receptors to manage blood pressure.

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    Renin Inhibitors

    Medications that prevent the formation of angiotensin I from renin, aiding in hypertension control.

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    Reflex Tachycardia

    Increased heart rate as a response to low blood pressure.

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    Cardiac Glycoside

    Drugs that increase heart muscle contractions and slow heart rate.

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    Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

    Drugs that increase heart contractility and cause vasodilation.

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    Aliskiren

    A medication used to treat high blood pressure, also known as Tekturna.

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    Calcium Channel Blockers

    Drugs that block calcium channels in blood vessel smooth muscle, causing vasodilation and reduced blood pressure.

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    Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists

    Drugs that decrease heart rate and contractility, lowering systemic blood pressure.

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    Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blockers

    Medications that block alpha-1 receptors in smooth muscle but do not affect bronchial tissues.

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    Alpha 2 Adrenergic Blockers

    Drugs that act on the CNS to slow heart rate and dilate blood vessels.

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    Direct Vasodilators

    Medications that directly relax vascular smooth muscle, lowering blood pressure.

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    Examples of Beta Blockers

    Includes metoprolol, propranolol, atenolol, and bisoprolol, used for hypertension and other cardiac conditions.

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    Combination Adrenergic Blockers

    Medications like carvedilol and labetalol that block both alpha and beta receptors.

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    Study Notes

    • Treating Hypertension (HTN): Diuretics manage volume overload when urinary elimination is still possible (not end-stage kidney disease).

      • Loop Diuretics: Most potent, reserved for severe cases; act on the Loop of Henle, increasing diuresis, but also risk hypokalemia, dehydration and ototoxicity (especially in renal failure). Examples include furosemide (Lasix), bumetanide (Bumex), and torsemide (Demadex).
      • Thiazide Diuretics: Frequently used for HTN; act on the distal tubule causing diuresis; main risk is hypokalemia and fatigue. Examples include hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), chlorothiazide, metolazone, and indapamide.
      • Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: Cause less potassium loss, but risk hyperkalemia. Examples include spironolactone, amiloride, and eplerenone.

    • Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors: Block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. Risks include persistent cough, headache, postural hypotension, hyperkalemia, and angioedema. Examples include enalapril, benazepril, captopril, fosinopril, lisinopril, and quinapril.

    • Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs): Block angiotensin II; risks include hypotension and headache. Examples include valsartan, losartan, azilsartan, candesartan, eprosartan, and irbesartan.

    • Block Aldosterone Receptors: Block aldosterone receptors in the kidneys. Examples include spironolactone and eplerenone.

    Other Medications

    • Calcium Channel Blockers: Relax arterial smooth muscle causing vasodilation; risks include flushing, headache, impotence, and sexual dysfunction. Examples include amlodipine, felodipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, diltiazem, and verapamil.

    • Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists: Decrease heart rate and contractility, reducing cardiac output. Risks include bradycardia, fatigue, decreased libido, impotence, and bronchoconstriction. Examples include metoprolol, propranolol, atenolol, and bisoprolol.

    • Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blockers: Work on smooth muscle receptors; examples include doxazosin, prazosin and terazosin.

    • Alpha 2 Adrenergic Blockers: Work on the central nervous system; examples include clonidine and methyldopa.

    • Direct Vasodilators: Relax vascular smooth muscle, but can cause reflex tachycardia and fluid retention. Examples include hydralazine and minoxidil.

    • Block Renin: Blocks renin, which leads to angiotensin I formation risks include cough, flu-like symptoms and rash and diarrhea. Example aliskiren.

    • Cardiac Glycosides: Increase cardiac contractility, but with risks of cardiac dysrhythmias, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and visual disturbances. Example - digoxin.

    • Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors: Increase contractility and decrease afterload, but with significant toxicity risk. Example - milrinone.

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    Kidney Disease Medications PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key medications utilized in treating kidney disease, particularly focusing on diuretics used for hypertension management. It explains the different classes of diuretics, including loop, thiazide, and potassium-sparing diuretics, alongside ACE inhibitors' role. Test your understanding of their functions, risks, and examples in this crucial area of pharmacology.

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