Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which class of drugs is most commonly used for treating hypertension?
Which class of drugs is most commonly used for treating hypertension?
- ACE Inhibitors
- Loop Diuretics
- Potassium Sparing Diuretics
- Thiazide Diuretics (correct)
Which of the following is a common side effect associated with thiazide diuretics?
Which of the following is a common side effect associated with thiazide diuretics?
- Hyperkalemia
- Ototoxicity
- Hypokalemia (correct)
- Angioedema
What is the primary mechanism of action for ACE inhibitors?
What is the primary mechanism of action for ACE inhibitors?
- Blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (correct)
- Blocking aldosterone receptors
- Inhibiting renin production
- Directly relaxing smooth muscles
Which of the following drugs is classified as both a potassium-sparing diuretic and an aldosterone receptor blocker?
Which of the following drugs is classified as both a potassium-sparing diuretic and an aldosterone receptor blocker?
Which side effect is commonly associated with ACE inhibitors but is rarely seen with ARBs?
Which side effect is commonly associated with ACE inhibitors but is rarely seen with ARBs?
Which class of drugs directly blocks the vasoconstrictive effects of angiotensin II after it has been formed?
Which class of drugs directly blocks the vasoconstrictive effects of angiotensin II after it has been formed?
Which of the following is a potential risk associated with potassium-sparing diuretics?
Which of the following is a potential risk associated with potassium-sparing diuretics?
Which of the following drugs is NOT an ACE inhibitor?
Which of the following drugs is NOT an ACE inhibitor?
Which of the following medications can be used to treat heart failure, but only for a limited time due to its risk of ventricular dysrhythmias?
Which of the following medications can be used to treat heart failure, but only for a limited time due to its risk of ventricular dysrhythmias?
What is a potential side effect of using digoxin to treat heart failure?
What is a potential side effect of using digoxin to treat heart failure?
What is the primary mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors in treating heart failure?
What is the primary mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors in treating heart failure?
What is a common reason for sodium and water retention in patients with heart failure?
What is a common reason for sodium and water retention in patients with heart failure?
What is a combination drug specifically used for treating heart failure in African American patients?
What is a combination drug specifically used for treating heart failure in African American patients?
Which of these are beta-adrenergic antagonists?
Which of these are beta-adrenergic antagonists?
Which medication is marketed in combination with amlodipine?
Which medication is marketed in combination with amlodipine?
What is the mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers on blood vessels?
What is the mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers on blood vessels?
Which of these medications are commonly prescribed for hypertension?
Which of these medications are commonly prescribed for hypertension?
Which drug class mentioned is associated with a risk of bronchoconstriction?
Which drug class mentioned is associated with a risk of bronchoconstriction?
What is the primary function of alpha 1 adrenergic blockers?
What is the primary function of alpha 1 adrenergic blockers?
Which of the following medications are primarily used to treat dysrhythmias?
Which of the following medications are primarily used to treat dysrhythmias?
Which of the following is a potential side effect associated with alpha 2 adrenergic blockers?
Which of the following is a potential side effect associated with alpha 2 adrenergic blockers?
Flashcards
Diuretics
Diuretics
Medications that promote urinary elimination to manage fluid overload in hypertension.
Loop Diuretics
Loop Diuretics
Strong diuretics acting on the Loop of Henle; used for severe hypertension.
Thiazide Diuretics
Thiazide Diuretics
Common diuretics acting on the distal tubule to reduce hypertension.
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
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ACE Inhibitors
ACE Inhibitors
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Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
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Aldosterone Receptor Blockers
Aldosterone Receptor Blockers
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Renin Inhibitors
Renin Inhibitors
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Reflex Tachycardia
Reflex Tachycardia
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Cardiac Glycoside
Cardiac Glycoside
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Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
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Aliskiren
Aliskiren
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Calcium Channel Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
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Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists
Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists
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Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blockers
Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blockers
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Alpha 2 Adrenergic Blockers
Alpha 2 Adrenergic Blockers
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Direct Vasodilators
Direct Vasodilators
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Examples of Beta Blockers
Examples of Beta Blockers
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Combination Adrenergic Blockers
Combination Adrenergic Blockers
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Study Notes
Kidney Disease Related Medications
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Treating Hypertension (HTN): Diuretics manage volume overload when urinary elimination is still possible (not end-stage kidney disease).
- Loop Diuretics: Most potent, reserved for severe cases; act on the Loop of Henle, increasing diuresis, but also risk hypokalemia, dehydration and ototoxicity (especially in renal failure). Examples include furosemide (Lasix), bumetanide (Bumex), and torsemide (Demadex).
- Thiazide Diuretics: Frequently used for HTN; act on the distal tubule causing diuresis; main risk is hypokalemia and fatigue. Examples include hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), chlorothiazide, metolazone, and indapamide.
- Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: Cause less potassium loss, but risk hyperkalemia. Examples include spironolactone, amiloride, and eplerenone.
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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors: Block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. Risks include persistent cough, headache, postural hypotension, hyperkalemia, and angioedema. Examples include enalapril, benazepril, captopril, fosinopril, lisinopril, and quinapril.
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Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs): Block angiotensin II; risks include hypotension and headache. Examples include valsartan, losartan, azilsartan, candesartan, eprosartan, and irbesartan.
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Block Aldosterone Receptors: Block aldosterone receptors in the kidneys. Examples include spironolactone and eplerenone.
Other Medications
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Calcium Channel Blockers: Relax arterial smooth muscle causing vasodilation; risks include flushing, headache, impotence, and sexual dysfunction. Examples include amlodipine, felodipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, diltiazem, and verapamil.
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Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists: Decrease heart rate and contractility, reducing cardiac output. Risks include bradycardia, fatigue, decreased libido, impotence, and bronchoconstriction. Examples include metoprolol, propranolol, atenolol, and bisoprolol.
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Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blockers: Work on smooth muscle receptors; examples include doxazosin, prazosin and terazosin.
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Alpha 2 Adrenergic Blockers: Work on the central nervous system; examples include clonidine and methyldopa.
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Direct Vasodilators: Relax vascular smooth muscle, but can cause reflex tachycardia and fluid retention. Examples include hydralazine and minoxidil.
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Block Renin: Blocks renin, which leads to angiotensin I formation risks include cough, flu-like symptoms and rash and diarrhea. Example aliskiren.
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Cardiac Glycosides: Increase cardiac contractility, but with risks of cardiac dysrhythmias, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and visual disturbances. Example - digoxin.
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Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors: Increase contractility and decrease afterload, but with significant toxicity risk. Example - milrinone.
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