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Questions and Answers

What is the amount of calcium added to soil called?

Calcium content

Which of the following would be described as an extensive property of matter?

  • Color
  • Temperature
  • Density
  • Mass (correct)

    • Which of the following is not a physical change?

  • Dissolving sugar in water
  • Boiling water
  • Burning gasoline in an engine (correct)
  • Melting ice

    • During a phase change, a substance undergoes a(n) __________ change.

    <p>reversible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phase change called from a solid to a gas?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does evaporation differ from boiling water?

    <p>Lower temperature and only at the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What state of matter takes the volume and shape of its container?

    <p>Gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What state of matter has a definite shape and volume?

    <p>Solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What state of matter has a definite volume but an indefinite shape?

    <p>Liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which three phase changes are exothermic?

    <p>Condensation (A), Deposition (C), Freezing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The temperature at which a substance freezes is lower than the temperature at which it melts.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following phrases describes a heterogeneous mixture?

    <p>Composition varies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the best example of a homogeneous mixture?

    <p>Vinegar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is used to separate homogeneous solutions?

    <p>Distillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these materials is the best example of a heterogeneous mixture?

    <p>Sand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be separated with a filter?

    <p>Suspensions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Air is a solution.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A colloid will reflect light and the particles will settle, or separate.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Suspensions have smaller particles than colloids and solutions.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these groups of letters could be used as a symbol for a naturally occurring element?

    <p>Cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements does NOT apply to a compound?

    <p>It can be separated into components by physical methods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the smallest particle of an element?

    <p>Atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these substances is a compound?

    <p>Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mixture?

    <p>Air (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The symbol for the element potassium is __________.

    <p>K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a chemical reaction?

    <p>Rusting of iron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a possible clue that a chemical change is taking place?

    <p>Change of state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During any chemical change, the mass of the products is __________.

    <p>Always equal to the mass of the reactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The substances formed in a chemical reaction are called products.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide plus water forms carbonic acid. Water and carbonic acid are products of this reaction.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of change occurs when a puddle dries up in the sun?

    <p>Physical Change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of change occurs when a dark cloth is faded by the sun?

    <p>Chemical Change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of change occurs when bread is toasted?

    <p>Chemical Change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of change occurs when soap is mixed with water?

    <p>Physical Change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of change occurs when gasoline boils?

    <p>Physical Change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mixture?

    <p>A physical blend of two or more substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define a product in a chemical reaction.

    <p>A substance produced in a chemical reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a phase in chemistry?

    <p>Any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is distillation?

    <p>A process used to separate components of a mixture using differences in boiling points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mass measure?

    <p>The amount of matter that an object contains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a chemical reaction?

    <p>A change in which one or more reactants change into one or more products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reactant?

    <p>A substance present at the start of a reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define a heterogeneous mixture.

    <p>A mixture that is not uniform in composition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vapor?

    <p>The gaseous state of a substance that is usually a liquid or solid at room temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a compound?

    <p>A substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define an element.

    <p>The simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a homogeneous mixture?

    <p>A mixture that is uniform in composition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Matter is anything that has ____ and occupies space.

    <p>mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chemist determines the composition of a moon rock?

    <p>Analytical Chemist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

    <p>A hypothesis is a proposed explanation; a theory is a well-tested explanation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organic chemistry is the study of chemicals that contain oxygen.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biochemistry involves the study of living organisms.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pesticides can kill beneficial insects such as bees.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low levels of lead in the blood can permanently damage the nervous system.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macroscopic objects can be seen only under magnification.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chemist would develop a new type of wheat seed?

    <p>Biochemist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The manipulated variable in an experiment is also known as the ____ variable.

    <p>independent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the steps of solving numeric problems.

    <p>Analyze, Calculate, Evaluate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Mixtures

    • Mixture: a physical blend of two or more substances; not chemically combined.
    • Heterogeneous Mixtures: composition is not uniform, components are unevenly distributed (e.g., chicken noodle soup).
    • Homogeneous Mixtures: uniform composition, components evenly distributed; also known as solutions (e.g., vinegar, air).

    Products and Reactants

    • Product: substance produced in a chemical reaction (e.g., carbon dioxide from burning charcoal).
    • Reactant: substance present at the start of a reaction (e.g., carbon and oxygen in combustion).

    Phases and Distillation

    • Phase: part of a sample with uniform composition; homogeneous mixtures have one phase, while heterogeneous mixtures have multiple phases (e.g., oil and vinegar).
    • Distillation: a separation process based on boiling points; it separates water from dissolved substances by producing vapor that is condensed back into liquid.

    Mass and Chemical Reactions

    • Mass: measure of matter in an object; SI unit is kilogram; extensive property meaning it depends on sample size.
    • Chemical Reaction: a process where reactants are transformed into products, involving bond breaking and forming.

    Elements and Compounds

    • Element: simplest form of matter, unique properties; cannot be broken down chemically (e.g., oxygen, hydrogen).
    • Compound: substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions (e.g., sucrose).

    Scientific Method

    • Steps of the scientific method include observations, hypothesis testing, experiments, developing theories, and forming scientific laws.
    • Independent variable: manipulated variable during an experiment; dependent variable: observed variable; controlled variables remain constant.

    Importance of Collaboration

    • Collaboration and communication among scientists enhance problem-solving and knowledge exchange, crucial for complex research.

    Hypothesis vs. Theory

    • Hypothesis: proposed explanation for a limited set of observations; not yet tested.
    • Theory: well-tested explanation for a broad range of observations.

    Solving Numeric Problems

    • Steps for numeric problem solving: analyze knowns/unknowns, calculate based on a plan, evaluate the reasonableness of the result.

    States of Matter

    • Solid: definite shape and volume, closely packed molecules.
    • Liquid: indefinite shape, definite volume; molecules are farther apart and flow.
    • Gas: indefinite shape and volume, easily compressed; molecules are very far apart, move rapidly.

    Physical and Chemical Changes

    • Physical Change: alters some properties without changing composition; examples include slicing bread and evaporation.
    • Chemical Change: results in new substances with different compositions; examples include burning and rusting.

    Signs of a Chemical Reaction

    • Indicators include energy transfer (heat/light), color change, gas production, and solid formation (precipitate) without heating.

    Heat Changes in Phase Transitions

    • Endothermic changes (heat absorbed): vaporization, melting, sublimation.
    • Exothermic changes (heat released): condensation, freezing, deposition.

    Misconceptions in Chemistry

    • Organic chemistry studies carbon-containing compounds, not oxygen.
    • The goal of applied chemistry is to solve problems, not just accumulate knowledge.
    • Biochemistry focuses on living organisms and their chemical processes.

    Chemists and Their Specializations

    • Analytical Chemists: analyze compositions (e.g., moon rocks).
    • Physical Chemists: study reaction rates and energy transfer (e.g., gasoline burning).
    • Biochemists: develop biological applications (e.g., new wheat seed).

    Miscellaneous Facts

    • Low lead exposure can permanently harm the nervous system.
    • Only microscopic objects require magnification to be seen.
    • Fossil fuels refer to harmful pollutants, not lead.

    Characteristics of Substances

    • Matter: anything with mass and occupying space.
    • Homogeneous solutions can be separated via distillation; heterogeneous mixtures can often be separated using filtration.

    Reaction Characteristics and Phase Changes

    • Heterogeneous mixtures show variable composition; examples include sand and suspensions that can be separated by filters.
    • Common examples of phase changes include sublimation (solid to gas) and exothermic phase changes: freezing, condensation, and deposition.### Suspensions and Particles
    • False: Suspensions contain larger particles than colloids and solutions.
    • In suspensions, particles do not settle over time, contrary to the false notion.

    Chemical Symbols

    • Symbol for a naturally occurring element: Cm (Curium).
    • The symbol for potassium is K.

    Compounds and Mixtures

    • A compound cannot be separated into its components by physical methods.
    • Water is an example of a compound.
    • Air is classified as a mixture.

    Chemical Reactions

    • The smallest particle of an element is an atom.
    • Rusting of iron is an example of a chemical reaction.
    • Clues indicating a chemical change do not include a change of state.

    Mass Conservation

    • During a chemical change, the mass of the products equals the mass of the reactants.

    Products of Reactions

    • Substances formed in a chemical reaction are termed products.
    • In the reaction of carbon dioxide plus water to form carbonic acid, water is a reactant, not a product.

    Physical and Chemical Changes

    • A puddle drying in the sun is considered a physical change.
    • Fading of dark cloth by sunlight, toasting bread, and mixing soap with water are examples of both chemical and physical changes depending on the process.
    • Boiling gasoline is classified as a physical change.

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