Kharif and Rabi Crops

Kharif Crop

• Crops are cultivated at the commencement of the southwest monsoon season
• They're harvested by the conclusion of the southwest monsoon
• Harvesting occurs during the monsoon
• Monsoon begins as early as May in certain regions of the Indian subcontinent
• Harvesting usually takes place during the third week of September through October
• Demands abundant water and hot weather for growth
• Prominent crops encompass Jowar, Bajra, Soybean, Sorghum Rice, Maize, Cotton, Jute, Groundnut, and Sugarcane

Rabi Crop

• Requires a comparatively cool climate throughout the growth phase
• Requires a warm climate during seed germination and maturation
• Harvested in the spring, after being sown in the winter
• Sowing takes place around mid-November
• Preferred sowing time is after the monsoon rains conclude
• Harvesting commences in April or May
• Crops cultivated utilizing rainwater that has seeped into the ground or with irrigation
• A rainy winter is detrimental to Rabi crops but beneficial for Kharif crops
• Significant Rabi crops include Wheat, Barley, Gram, Linseed, Mustard, Masur, Lentil, Potatoes, and Tobacco

Zaid Crop

• Zaid time frame represents a brief duration amid the Kharif and Rabi seasons
• Crops cultivated at this time frame are known as Zaid crops
• These crops are cultivated on drylands on the subcontinent, not requiring monsoons for growth
• These crops have long duration amid the Rabi and Kharif crop seasons
• Rabi and Kharif crop seasons occur mainly from March to June
• Varieties of Zaid crops incorporate Pumpkin, cucumber, watermelon, and bitter gourd

Sorghum or Millet

• Also recognized as great millet or Indian millet, and possesses edible starchy seeds
• Probable origin in Africa, functions as a major food crop with numerous varieties
• Grain sorghum is utilized for food, grass sorghum is cultivated for hay and fodder
• Broomcorn is used to make brooms and brushes
• Called "jowar," "cholam," or "jonna" in India
• Called Guinea corn in West Africa
• Called kaoliang in China
• Valued in hot and arid regions with resistance to drought and heat
• Highly drought-tolerant crop increasingly utilized as a model cereal
• Genes confer tolerance to drought
• Exhibit significant natural variations in drought resistance across different sorghum genotypes

Cereals

• Roughly 54% of India's total cropped area is dedicated to cereals
• Country produces about 11% of global cereal output
• India ranks third in cereal production following China and the U.S.A
• India harvests a diverse range of cereals
• Classified as fine grains such as rice and wheat
• Classified as coarse grains such as jowar, bajra, maize, and ragi

Rice

• Occupies about one-fourth of total cropped area domestically
• India contributes 21.9% of global rice production
• India is second, after China, in production
• Rice is a crop of tropical and humid regions, possessing about 3,000 varieties
• Successfully cultivated from sea level up to about 2,000 m altitude
• Grown from humid regions in eastern India to dry but irrigated regions of Punjab, Haryana, western U.P., and northern Rajasthan
• Southern states and West Bengal climatic conditions enable 2 or 3 rice crops yearly
• West Bengal farmers grow rice crops called 'aus', 'aman', and 'boro'
• The yield level of rice is high in Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, West Bengal and Kerala
• Cultivation in irrigated zones of Punjab and Haryana was introduced in the 1970s following the Green Revolution
• Higher yields in this region are attributed to genetically enhanced seed varieties, high fertilizer and pesticide usage, and reduced susceptibility to pests with dry conditions

Millets

• Group of small-seeded grasses cultivated as cereal and fodder crops
• Grown primarily as rain-fed Kharif crops, sown with monsoon onset in India
• Evidence shows Indus Valley people (3,000 BC) consumed millets
• Origin dates back to domestication
• Now cultivated in 130+ countries
• Sorghum is the most significant millet crop globally
• Major producers of Sorghum are the US, China, Australia, and India
• Jowar is sown in both Kharif and Rabi seasons in southern states
• Northern states grow it mainly as a fodder crop in the Kharif season
• Clayey deep regur and alluvium are ideal soils for jowar
• Bajra is the second most important millet, for food and fodder in drier regions
• Rainfed Kharif crop of dry and warm north-western and western parts of the nation
• Bajra is a hardy crop
• Resists regular dry spells and drought

Ragi or Finger Millet

• Mainly cultivated in drier regions of south India, such as drier parts of Karnataka
• Rainfed Kharif crop
• Raised on red, light black, sandy, well-drained alluvial loams
• Karnataka is the largest producer
• Possesses the highest calcium and iron content, helping combat anemia

Pulses

• Ideal growth temperature is 20-27°C with 25-60 cm annual rainfall in sandy-loamy soil
• The top producing ones are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka
• India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses globally
• Major source of protein in a vegetarian diet
• Main types are tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas, and gram
• Leguminous plants help restore soil fertility
• all besides arhar fix nitrogen from the air
• Gram is most dominant, followed by Tur/Arhar, and Urad/Black Matpe/Moong
• Mostly grown in rotation with other crops
• National Food Security Mission for Pulses, Pulses Development Scheme and Technological Mission on Pulses support production

Land Use Categories in Land Revenue Records

• Culturable wasteland encompasses any land fallow/uncultivated for 5+ years
• Culturable wasteland can be cultivated after restoring it through reclamation
• Current fallow is land uncultivated for no more than one agricultural year
• Fallowing is a cultural practice, provides land rest
• Land recoups lost fertility through natural processes when fallowed
• Narea sown is the physical extent of land on which crops are sown and harvested
• Net area sown is expanded by re-cultivating culturable wastelands for agriculture
• Net sown area reflects the proportion of country's total area under cultivation
• Fallow other than current fallow is cultivable land uncultivated for 1 to 5 years
• Land uncultivated for more than 5 years would be waste land

Land Use Analysis Insights

• Reported area under actual forest cover may differ from area classified as 'forest'
• Government identifies and limits area for forest growth
• Land revenue records must be with the definition in place for a forest
• Barren and wastelands encompass barren hilly terrains, desert lands, ravines, etc
• With available tech barren and waste lands are normally uncultivable
• Land utilized for non-agricultural purposes encompasses settlements, infrastructure, and shops
• Secondary and tertiary sectors growth leads to increased land allocation
• Permanent pastures and grazing lands are largely governed by village panchayats or government
• Common Property Resources governs land owned by village panchayats
• Fruit and tree crops included
• Individuals privately govern the land under miscellaneous tree crops and groves

Coffee Production

• India, among top 10
• Some of the finest taste
• Evergreen shrub
• Needs hot and humid climates (15-28°C)
• Grown well in shady conditions
• Dry climate for fruit ripening
• Rainfall of 150-250 cm favourable for coffee
• Enriched soil
• Cheap and skilled labour
• Strong sunshine, high temperatures above 30°C, frost, and snowfall, harmful
• Karnataka's 70% of production, then Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha

Jute

• Best for 25°C-35°C and 150–250 cm of rainfall
• Alluvial soil type is favoured for its growth
• West Bengal is top producer, then Bihar, Assam, Andhra Pradesh & Odisha
• Most in Eastern India because of the alluvium left by the Ganga-Brahmaputra
• Biggest production for jute products
• Called the "golden fiber"
• Utilized for gunny bags, rugs, weaving and carpets
• High-cost
• Loses market due to material costs
• detriments drought and incessant rains
• nutrients in alluvium required

GIAHS Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems

• Aesthetic places with agrobiodiversity and ecosystem services

Examples Of Indian Agricultural Systems

• India’s system in Koraput: traditional, biodiversity, in-situ
• Kuttanad wetland: drains brackish water, rice cultivation under oceans, flood prevention
• Pampore valley saffron: family saffron farms, heritage farming, 17,000+ local economies

Key Components in Cultivation

• Tillage uses mechanical agitation
• Tillage includes overturning
• Zero tillage is when crop seed is planted w/o preparation to soil and prior residue
• Cuts cost and erosion
• Zero was started by farmers in 1960s

Crop Sowing

• Zero is performed in Indo-Gangetic plains
• Wheat sowing after rice to plant with no operations
• Farmers get better harvest and less investment
• ZT is performed in Andhra Pradesh, with rice-maize
• ZT is used for direct crops such as rice, maize and more
• wheat can be done 10-12 days after tillage compared to normal tillage

Food Processing

• 50%> of Indians work in farming
• Food chain is good for converting into food
• Farms are connected via food systems
• Can increase food employment rates
• Food comes from ingredients
• 2 manufacturing (raw food) and add value (extended shelf life / value)
• Veggies and fruits major factor
• Poultry and dairy
• Marine animals

SupplyChainManagement is the logistics of

• Food industry connection
• This is how to move, protect, and save, from distribution
• Govs. promotes with schemes such as fda
• Agro is in that segment
• Schemes -
• National Mission: decentralisation of food schemes -
• Mega Parks: Links agriculture, provides jobs, increases wages, value minimisation of wasted wealth/food -
• Modernising with new equipment and conditions
• Integrated: Add value and chain to keep it from the gate of the farm

News in green energy

• Hydrogen programs - a news
  • Energy is going to the BRICS nations Ltd energy is made by NTPC Green: comes form non c02 resources Electricity is water, not only by H2O Comes from wind energy Energy requires planning and natural defence mechanisms Molecules are clean and cut carbon from steel industries renewable can’t be stored so produce hydrogen

The sugar industry and national policies.

• Rural industry, employs around 50 million and workers
• Trade is from transport because of inputs
• Brazil is the second-most after 2018
• Fair price decided with all included councils for cost and planning
• Local production as stated

National policy, biofuel

• First (B.) is when gen. Is alcohol and biodiesel
• Advance us garbage and ethanol
• Third as bio cong
• Sugar cane makes food safe with starch food is consumed

Main points on Mineral

• Naturally formed homogenous composition with structure
• Combines into rocks
• Ores describe the mix
• forms, igneous rock forms when cracks are present
• vein is little and large is lodes
• Tin is metallic ore
• Sedimentary and has stratification
• Evaporation forms ore in dry places
• erosion happens to some, Bauxite is a material
• Certain sands collect and remain for us
• Placer - deposits are not corroded, is tin,gold, platinum,
• Oceans host mineral
• salts are on ocean beds

Minor minerals in India

— Prescribed by the Dev Act

• states implement rules

Indian ports state

• 430 reservists, Zimbabwe second
• China, South Africa, fifth
• Andhra is top
• More than half in Mahadrasa
• 40 or Rajasthan 21 and Odiash30% are reserves

Power station

• Located in G Nuclear- operated and first
• Rajasthan ,Rajastan station

Kaiga

• Karnataka
• Operation

India

• Most

18/2019 achieved India 5th on deployment

• Capable to deliver power
• Solar enery central state for key
• Mission began in 2/10, 2022
• imports mainly but some local supply
• demand increases, so 3.5 cell

The government strategy.

• 40 imports
• incentive
• all approved
• India-based ok

Shale in India

• Trapped gas in rock
• Ethane found in there
• Fine rock

Government is doing all it can

• The most oil is produced in all basins near Gujarat

• gas near dams

• oil can develop in Ladakh . MoU with Ladakhi Government.

Geothermal

• Heat is natural and comes from consolidation and decay
• gradient of
• Asia, North Africa are geothermal ready places

350 sources - 35, most is incorrect Hills for production

Foreign investments in India are now guided.

• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is when companies take another
• Foreign companies are doing this.
• 49-74 investment increased
• Automated or Gov. based
• Doesn't need the approval
• investment
• or %10 fully diluited

Key points state

• There are minor ships 300
• Gov trust
• state or federal gov or state

max traffic

• Natural shipping.