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किस सभी सभ्यताओं ने उनके कला, वास्तुकला और फ्रेस्कोज़ के लिए प्रसिद्ध थे?
किस सभ्यता ने पहले Linear A का उपयोग किया, जो ग्रीक वर्णमाला का पूर्वरूप था?
किस सभ्यता ने Minoan-Mycenaean Linear B स्क्रिप्ट को पहले प्रस्तुत किया?
किस संकुलन में मायानें शून्य की खोज की?
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किस संकुलन में Chinese calligraphy का विकास हुआ?
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किस संकुलन ने Latin alphabet (लैटिन वर्णमाला) का संस्थापन किया, जिसका अभी तक प्रयोग होता है?
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किसने अपनी सबसे पहले शहरों का निर्माण किया?
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क्या हेब्बान कला के क्षेत्र में झीलों के पास विकसित हुआ?
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कौन-कौन समृद्धि, साफ-सुथराई, और अच्छे-तरह से प्रधानित? क्या हेब्बान समृद्धि सम्राटों की यह संकल्पना है?
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कौन-कौन समृद्धि, साफ-सुथराई, और अच्छे-तरह से प्रधानित? क्या हेब्बान समृद्धि सम्राटों की यह संकल्पना है?
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कौन-कौन मुक्त कला, प्रौद्योगिकी, और दर्शनिक उपलंबन है?
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Study Notes
Exploring Ancient Civilizations
Throughout human history, diverse societies have emerged, each with their unique cultural, technological, and philosophical achievements. In this journey through time, we'll delve into the fascinating world of ancient civilizations and the lessons they've left behind.
The Mesopotamian Civilizations
Rising along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the Mesopotamians opened the door to civilization around 3500 BCE. They invented cuneiform writing, the wheel, and were among the first to construct cities. The Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians were some of the most prominent Mesopotamian groups.
Egypt's Timeless Legacy
Along the Nile River, the Egyptians developed a complex system of administration, agriculture, and art. Their achievements include the construction of the pyramids and the creation of hieroglyphics. Pharaohs like Khufu, Khufu's son Khafre, and Menkaure are remembered for their contributions to pyramid building.
Indus Valley Civilization
The Harappan culture, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, flourished between 2600 and 1900 BCE in the western part of the Indian subcontinent. Known for their urban planning, sanitation, and well-planned cities, the Indus Valley people also left behind seals, pottery, and other artifacts. The identity and language of this civilization remain a mystery.
The Minoan Civilization
On the island of Santorini, the Minoans created a maritime-based society around 1900 BCE with the Minoan Palace at Knossos as the epicenter. Famous for their frescoes, pottery, and architecture, the Minoans were also the first to use Linear A, a precursor to the Greek alphabet.
The Mycenaeans and the Archaic Period
The Mycenaeans, a Greek civilization, reached their peak around 1500 BCE. Cities like Mycenae, Pylos, and Tiryns were fortified with walls and towers. This period also introduced the Minoan-Mycenaean Linear B script, the earliest known form of Greek writing.
The Olmecs and the Maya
In the Americas, the Olmecs in Mesoamerica, around 1200 BCE, and later the Maya in Central America, around 200 CE, developed complex civilizations notable for their art, architecture, and sophisticated calendar systems. The Maya also discovered zero and created monumental structures, including the Temple of Inscriptions at Palenque.
The Han Dynasty
China's Han Dynasty (206 BCE to 220 CE) ushered in a period of great cultural and technological advancements. The Han Dynasty brought about the development of Chinese calligraphy, the invention of paper, and the expansion of the Great Wall of China. Han rulers like Liu Bang and Wudi are remembered for their contributions to Chinese literature and politics.
The Roman Empire and the Greeks
The Romans, building on the legacy of the Greeks, established a far-reaching empire that spanned from the British Isles to the Middle East. The Romans' achievements include the construction of the Roman aqueducts, the Roman roads, the Roman Forum, and the Pantheon. The Romans also improved upon the Greek alphabet, creating the Latin alphabet, which is still used today.
These ancient civilizations contributed to the foundations of human civilization, opening doors to writing, mathematics, and philosophy. As we travel through time, we can trace the roots of modern society back to these remarkable people.
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इस यात्रा में, हम समय के साथ चलते हैं और प्राचीन सभ्यताओं की दुनिया में खोज करते हैं और उनके छोड़े गए सबकों में विचरण करते हैं।
