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Questions and Answers

Based on the acknowledgments, what was a significant contribution made by the author's son, Ben Haley, to the book?

  • Offering insights based on his experiences as a student. (correct)
  • Assisting with the design and development of the Companion Website.
  • Providing scientific expertise related to Isaac Asimov's works.
  • Proofreading the manuscript to identify grammatical errors and inconsistencies.

According to the provided text, what types of questions are included in the Test Bank for instructors?

  • Short-answer questions and case studies.
  • Essay questions and group discussion prompts.
  • Multiple-choice and short-answer questions. (correct)
  • Multiple-choice and true/false questions.

What is the primary purpose of the Language in Mind Companion Website for students?

  • To provide access to instructor-only resources and materials.
  • To offer a range of activities, study tools, and coverage of additional topics. (correct)
  • To enable students to purchase the eBook version of Language in Mind, Second Edition.
  • To facilitate online registration for instructor access to the Instructor’s Resource Library.

What does it mean that the questions in the Instructor's Resource Library are referenced to Bloom's Taxonomy?

<p>The questions are designed to assess different levels of cognitive skills. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does Julie Sedivy thank her husband, Ian Graham, in the acknowledgments?

<p>For understanding her need to write the book, even though it took time away from him. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What formats are the figures and tables in the Instructor’s Resource Library provided in?

<p>JPEG and PowerPoint formats. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action does the author suggest the reader perform before reading the book, and what is the likely purpose of this action?

<p>To drop the book, possibly to provoke thought about physical science and language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can students find more information about accessing the eBook version of Language in Mind, Second Edition?

<p>On the Oxford University Press website. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which design feature of language explains our ability to form new and unique words and sentences that can still be understood?

<p>Productivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person using language to spread misinformation is an example of which design feature of language?

<p>Prevarication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability to learn and use multiple languages demonstrates which design feature of language?

<p>Learnability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Hockett's design features is best illustrated by the fact that the word 'dog' does not inherently resemble a canine?

<p>Arbitrariness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you use language to discuss language itself, which design feature are you employing?

<p>Reflexiveness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cries of monkeys and apes are limited and for specific purposes. What feature described by Hockett is strikingly absent from primate vocalizations?

<p>Inventiveness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vervet monkeys use different alarm calls to warn each other of different predators. What design feature of language do these calls exhibit?

<p>Semanticity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fact that 'tap', 'pat', and 'apt' have different meanings despite using the same sounds exemplifies which design feature of language?

<p>Duality of patterning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is focusing solely on current psycholinguistic theories considered inadequate for comprehensive understanding?

<p>A deeper understanding involves critical thinking and generating new insights, not just memorization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a research team aims to determine if language disorders are more common in English speakers versus Mandarin speakers and understand why, which combination of specialists would be most effective?

<p>Linguists, psychologists, and data analysts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the primary role of a linguist in a research project investigating whether parrots truly understand language or merely mimic it?

<p>Assessing whether the parrot's usage demonstrates syntactic understanding and semantic coherence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what distinguishes language from other human activities like playing chess or designing bridges?

<p>Language is a defining trait of humanity, present in all known human societies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective does the content present regarding the origins of language?

<p>Language is an innate instinct, potentially a part of our DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If language is considered an innate instinct, how could this perspective influence the study of language acquisition in children?

<p>It would prompt investigation into genetic predispositions and universal grammar principles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best captures the relationship between genetics and language, as suggested in the content?

<p>Genes may contribute a foundational predisposition for language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of humans engaging in activities like reciting poems, negotiating treaties, and holding criminal trials in the context of language?

<p>These activities highlight the sophisticated and varied applications of language unique to humans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which methodological challenge is most significant when determining if apes understand the meaning of a word?

<p>Establishing definitive evidence that apes understand a word in the same way humans do. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the communicative behavior of apes raised in human environments typically differ from those in the wild?

<p>They demonstrate more human-like communication, including mastering symbols. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'displacement', as evidenced in ape communication, refer to?

<p>The ability to refer to objects or events not immediately present. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the example of a chimpanzee blaming messes on others illustrate about ape communication?

<p>Apes can use communication for deception. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'productivity' in the context of ape language, and which example best demonstrates it?

<p>The ability to use known symbols in new combinations; Koko calling a ring 'finger bracelet'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why have efforts to teach apes to use vocal sounds for communication been largely unsuccessful?

<p>Apes have extremely limited control over their vocalizations and articulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In language acquisition, how do comprehension skills compare to production skills in trained apes?

<p>Comprehension skills are typically easier for apes to master than production skills. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant impact of human environments on the language skills of apes?

<p>Apes develop more human-like communication skills, including mastering hundreds of symbols. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vervet monkeys demonstrate a developmental asymmetry in their communication skills. Which statement best describes this?

<p>Young vervets possess an innate understanding of alarm call production, coupled with a superior capacity for learning call interpretation as they mature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Seyfarth and Cheney highlight the subtle information primates extract from communicative signals. Which experimental example best illustrates this?

<p>Baboons recognizing individual vocalizations and understanding status relationships through manipulated threat-grunt and scream sequences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the study of vervet monkeys' alarm calls relate to Hocket's design features of language, specifically 'semanticity' and 'arbitrariness'?

<p>Vervet calls showcase semanticity through specific calls for different predators, but challenge arbitrariness as the calls are instinctively linked to threats. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the baboon experiment, which of Hocket's design features of language is most directly challenged?

<p>Productivity, as the baboons’ vocalizations are limited and not creatively combined. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If researchers found that baboons respond differently to a threat-grunt depending on the context (e.g., food scarcity vs. mating season), which aspect of primate communication would this primarily highlight?

<p>The contextual dependence and pragmatic aspects of communication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the communication patterns observed in vervet monkeys and baboons contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary origins of human language?

<p>They highlight the importance of social context, learning, and the gradual development of communicative competence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine a new study reveals that vervet monkeys exposed to human speech from a young age develop a more diverse range of alarm calls. Which long-debated question regarding language evolution would this finding most directly address?

<p>The innateness versus learned components of language acquisition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the limited ability of non-human primates to combine communicative elements productively, which aspect of human language acquisition would be most difficult to replicate in primate studies?

<p>The development of syntax and grammatical structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do chimpanzees fail to follow pointing cues, even though they are capable of making subtle inferences in other situations?

<p>Chimpanzees do not understand that pointing is an intentional act of communication meant to help them achieve a goal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the experiment where a human experimenter tried to retrieve food from buckets but couldn't reach it, what inference were chimpanzees able to make?

<p>The chimpanzees inferred that the bucket the human was reaching for likely contained the food, even though the human couldn't reach it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Tomasello and his colleagues, what is the key difference between chimpanzees and humans in the context of communication?

<p>Humans possess an understanding of communicative intentions that chimpanzees lack. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the 'magic moment' in the evolution of language, according to some researchers?

<p>The ability to understand communicative intentions, leading to complex social coordination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might chimpanzees choose randomly between two containers, even with a helpful pointing cue?

<p>Because chimpanzees do not understand the pointing cue as a helpful piece of information intended to aid them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an experiment, an experimenter shakes one of two containers, but it produces no rattling sound. What does a chimpanzee infer from this?

<p>The chimpanzee infers this means to select from the other container (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the experiment involving shaking containers and the competitive situation with buckets reveal about chimpanzees' cognitive abilities?

<p>Chimpanzees are adept at understanding the goals and intentions of others in certain contexts but struggle with communicative intent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability to understand communicative intentions may have refined cognitive skills and motivational drives for what purpose?

<p>More generally to support complex social coordination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psycholinguistics

Empirical study of language: how we produce, understand, and acquire it.

Scientific theories

Statements about the world that can be tested through observation and experimentation.

Companion Website

An online resource that provides students with activities, study tools and coverage of additional topics.

Instructor’s Resource Library

A collection of all of the textbook's figures and tables for instructors to incorporate into lecture presentations and other course materials.

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Test Bank

A question bank for instructors assessing students.

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Bloom's Taxonomy

A classification system used to define and distinguish different levels of human cognition

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eBook

Available as an electronic format of Language in Mind, Second Edition.

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Key Terms

The detailed listing of terms within the chapters of the book.

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Drawbacks of Memorization?

Memorization limits the ability to apply knowledge to novel situations and generate new insights. Understanding the underlying principles is more valuable.

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Universality of Language

Language is a universal human trait, present in all known societies and individuals, signifying its fundamental role in our species.

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Language as Innate Instinct

The idea that language is an inherent, genetically determined ability in humans, similar to instincts in other animals.

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Animal Communication

Many other animal species communicate, although none to the level and complexity of human language.

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Uniquely Human Activities

Only humans engage in complex activities solely based on language, such as gossiping, negotiations, and ceremonies.

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Language Scientists

Specialized researchers study the structure and evolution of language, as well as its neural and cognitive underpinnings.

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Language's Distinction

Language is deeply distinct from other activities because all humans engage in it, making it a defining trait of our species.

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Defining Human Trait

Unlike other activities, language is a fundamental aspect of being human, suggesting genetic contributions to its acquisition.

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Arbitrariness (in language)

Meaningful links between language and the world are not based on any inherent connection.

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Discreteness (in language)

Language units (sounds, words) are distinct and separate, not continuous.

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Displacement (in language)

Language can discuss things not present in time or space.

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Productivity (in language)

Language can create new, understandable utterances.

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Traditional Transmission

Language is learned through exposure, not genetics.

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Duality of Patterning

Meaningful units are formed by combining smaller meaningless elements.

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Prevarication

Language can be used to lie or deceive.

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Reflexiveness (in language)

Analyzing and describing language using language

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Environment's Role in Ape Communication

Apes raised in human environments show more human-like communication skills than those in the wild.

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Displacement

Using symbols to refer to things not present.

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Comprehension skills

The ability to understand language.

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Coined words

Creating new words or phrases to describe objects or concepts.

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Ape vocal limitations

A limitation in apes that restricts their ability to use vocal sounds for language.

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Symbolic Deception

Using symbols intentionally to deceive others.

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Production vs. Comprehension in Apes

Apes can understand much more readily than they can produce language-like units.

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Asymmetry in Primate Communication

The ability to learn the meaning of signals without being able to produce them.

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Vervet Monkey Alarm Call Learning

Young vervets initially react by running to their mothers and learn specific responses over time.

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Vervet Call Adaptation

Learning the meanings of alarm calls from other species or predators without producing those calls.

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Subtleties in Primate Communication

Primates can extract intricate information from communicative signals.

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Baboon Status Hierarchy

Baboons use threat-grunts to intimidate lower-status individuals, who typically respond with a scream.

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Individual Recognition in Baboon Calls

Baboon calls are distinct enough to be recognized individually by group members.

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Baboon Call Experiment Design

Researchers manipulated baboon threat-grunts and screams to study social dynamics.

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Baboon Social Awareness

Baboons react to threat-grunts paired with screams from higher-status baboons.

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Chimp Understanding of Pointing

Chimpanzees often fail to understand pointing as a communicative act intended to help them.

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Communicative Intention

The understanding that pointing aims to communicate, not just satisfy the pointer's goal.

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Chimp Inference Abilities

Chimpanzees can infer hidden information, like food location, by observing actions and outcomes.

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Hare & Tomasello Experiment

Chimpanzees were able to infer a human's goal by observing their unsuccessful attempt to reach a bucket.

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"Magic Moment" in Language Evolution

The point in evolution when ancestors began using cognitive skills and motivations specifically for communication and social coordination.

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Chimp Pointing Cue Failure

Chimpanzees failed to follow pointing cues, even from previously proven “helpers”.

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Understanding Communicative Intentions

The ability to understand others' intentions, goals, and knowledge states, but specifically related to communication.

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Refined Cognitive Skills

Cognitive skills and motivational drives refined for communication or complex social coordination.

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Study Notes

  • Julie Sedivy thanks her daughter Katharine Sedivy-Haley for science and learning discussions, her son Ben Haley for insights from his student experiences, and her husband Ian Graham for understanding her book-writing process.

Media and Supplements

  • An ebook version of Language in Mind, Second Edition, is available.
  • A free companion website for students, oup.com/us/sedivy2e, offers web activities, "Language at Large" modules, flashcards, key terms, chapter outlines, web links, further readings, and a glossary.
  • Instructors can access the Instructor’s Resource Library online with registration, which includes textbook figures, tables, and a test bank.

Science and Language

  • The more you learn about how language works, the more insights and questions about language you can generate.
  • Psycholinguistics involves memorizing current theories and findings.
  • Assemble a team of language scientists to determine whether language disorders are more prevalent in English-speaking populations than in Mandarin-speaking populations, and if so, why, one could, or determine whether parrots can really learn and understand language, or if they simply mimic it.

Origins of Human Language

  • Language is unique to humans.
  • Language is a defining trait of being human and might be part of our DNA.
  • One view is that language is an innate instinct.

Design Features of Language

  • Arbitrariness: Associations between language and the world are arbitrary.
  • Discreteness: Language units are separate.
  • Displacement: Language communicates about things not present.
  • Productivity: Language can be used to say new things.
  • Traditional transmission: Language is learned through exposure.
  • Duality of patterning: Meaningful units are made by combining elements.
  • Prevarication: Language can be used to make false statements.
  • Reflexiveness: Language can refer to itself.
  • Learnability: Users can learn different languages.

Primate Vocalizations

  • Primates' vocal communication is limited.
  • Monkeys and apes don’t have inventiveness in communication.
  • Vervet monkeys use distinct alarm calls for different predators.
  • These calls show semanticity and arbitrariness.
  • Primates are more flexible in interpreting signals than producing them.
  • Young vervets don’t initially understand alarm call meanings.
  • Vervets can learn to understand other species' alarm calls.

Baboon Communication Study

  • Baboons have a strict status hierarchy.
  • Higher-status baboons intimidate lower-status baboons.
  • Researchers created auditory stimuli with threat-grunts and screams.

Ape Language Studies

  • Studies involve teaching apes language through formal sessions or raising them like human children.
  • It's essential to determine when apes know the meaning of a word.
  • Environment matters, as apes raised in human environments show more human-like communication.
  • Apes can master hundreds of words or symbols.
  • They use symbols for various functions, including commenting on the world.
  • Apes demonstrate displacement by referring to objects not present.
  • Some apes use symbolic skills to lie.
  • Apes show productivity.
  • Koko the gorilla created "finger bracelet" for a ring.
  • Washoe the chimpanzee called a Brazil nut a "rock berry."
  • Apes comprehend more readily than producing language.
  • Apes have limited vocal control.

Understanding the Communicative Urge

  • Chimpanzees often ignore helpful pointing cues regarding food location.
  • Chimpanzees can make inferences in some situations but fail to understand pointing as communication.
  • Chimpanzees don't understand that pointing involves an intention to communicate to help.
  • Understanding communicative intentions represents a crucial point in language evolution.
  • Cognitive skills and motivational drives refined for communication.

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