MAPE- HISTORY OF LANDSCAPE

• History of landscape and gardens
• History from Early middle ages to Modern times

General Concepts of Gardens

• Gardens are spaces, private/collective, with an aesthetic purpose
• Gardens represent pleasure and sensation, set apart from urban functionality
• Gardens symbolize artistic expression and freedom

Gardens as Artworks

• Gardens belong to the arts and are shaped by the themes of order and disorder
• Order can be defined as structured and symmetrical
• Disorder means natural and unpredictable
• French classical gardens exemplify order and control
• English gardens manipulate the unpredictable

Garden Styles

• Different cultures have unique approaches to shaping nature in gardens

French Classical Gardens

• These gardens express clear order and symmetry
• Versailles exemplifies these principles

English Gardens

• English gardens are carefully planned to appear natural
• Designed to emphasize the experience of exploration

Japanese Gardens

• Blend artificial manipulation and respect for nature
• Aim to create astonishment through miniature landscapes
• Zen gardens exemplify this with 15 stones set among pebbles, creating a mystical perspective

Nature vs. Culture in Garden Design

• Garden design has two opposing principles: respecting natural conditions and supremacy over nature
• English gardens respect natural conditions
• French gardens focus on supremacy over nature
• Japanese gardens find a middle ground by manipulating nature and maintaining its essence

Examples of Modern Gardens

• Claude Monet's Giverny Garden represents an Impressionist approach
• Contemporary gardens focus on environmental awareness, such as land art in Scotland

Intro to Garden and Landscape Design

• Gardens are spaces with aesthetic aims and freedom
• Gardens are artworks of space within the art of gardening
• Fundamental themes are order and disorder
• French classical gardens represent order
• English gardens use unpredictability to represent disorder

Types of Gardens - Summary

• French Classical Gardens feature symmetry and control with examples being Versailles, Choisy, and Schoenbrun
• English gardens evoke a sense of impressions designed to feel natural and unpredictable
• Japanese Gardens use nature to achieve artifical yet natural space using microcosms of landscapes

The West Middle Ages Til Baroque

• Historical timeline spans from medieval times to the baroque era

Medieval Gardens and Early Middle Ages

• The Middle Ages spanned 10 centuries, from the fall of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance
• Barbarian invasions led to population decline, loss of art, and ruined infrastructure during the Early Middle Ages
• Survival and agriculture became primary focuses

Carolingian Renaissance

• The Carolingian Renaissance occurred from the 7th to 10th century
• Revival of economic, cultural, and scientific activities occurred under Charlemagne
• Monasteries, such as the Abbey of Saint Gall, concentrated on utilitarian gardening

Medieval Gardens and Symbolism

• Monasteries prioritized utility in gardens, emphasizing vegetables, fruits, and herbs
• Christian anthropomorphism involved nature represented symbolically through church art rather than direct interaction
• Literary gardens became themes in literature, featuring knights, magic, and adventure

Renaissance Gardens

• Renaissance thinkers like Plato, Hippocrates, Pythagoras, and Ovid were rediscovered
• Gardens became an expression of the human spirit and beauty

Italian Renaissance Gardens

• Harmony between house and garden, designed by architects
• Gardens included elements of water, sculptures, mazes, and topiary
• Villa d'Este in Tivoli is an example

French Renaissance Gardens

• Italian garden designs were brought to France after conquests by Charles VIII
• The first Renaissance garden in France was created by Pacello da Mercogliano

Lois Garden characteristics

• Garden divided into 3 levels, Queens most important

Fontainebleau Garden

• Initially designed by François I, redesigned by André Le Nôtre
• Focused on integrating the garden with the landscape using bodies of water

Baroque Gardens in France

• Gardens became masterpieces throughout Europe under Louis XIV and André Le Nôtre
• Use of water, subdivisions and central axis designs became important

Vaux-le-Vicomte

• Experimental garden by Le Nôtre with terraces and promenades
• The location emphasized visual depth and perspective

Versailles

• Versailles symbolized the power of Louis XIV (Sun King) and his dominance.
• Versailles was divided into three sectors: small, large, and hunting land
• Reflected the King's control over nature, hierarchy, order and the state

Key Concepts and Themes

• Utilitarian, symbolic, and tied to religious themes define Medieval Gardens
• Humanist, artistic and harmonious is Renaissance Gardens
• Baroque gardens were symbols of power and control
• Water elements were structured central to Baroque designs
• Gardens created to design depth and visual experiences known as Visual Perspective

Important Figures

• Charlemagne revived culture during the Carolingian Renaissance
• André Le Nôtre designed French Baroque gardens, such as Versailles and Vaux-le-Vicomte
• Louis XIV used gardens to symbolize his power and control

Middle Ages & Carolingian Renaissance

• Barbarian invasions led to infrastructural damage, population decline, and loss of art
• Essential for survival to have agriculture
• The Carolingian Renaissance brought about revival of culture which Charlemagne lead
• Saint-Gall focused on gardening, and utilized a functional layout

Religious Influences

• In churches, nature becomes represented in symbolic ways
• Gardens became literary themes
• Medieval gardens were designed with modular grids, utilizing agriculture

Renaissance Landscape (14Th-16th Century)

• Rediscovery of knowledge
• Florence with the Medici family led the way
• Designed architecture with focus on harmony
• Gardens were intended to glorify intellect

Examples of Renaissance Villas & Gardens

• The Villa Cafaggiolo(North of Florence) featured structured gardens and a fortified castle.
• Surprise element was the unique design with hedges, ponds and caves at Villa Medici di Castello
• The Villa d'Este known for extensive fountains and terraces

French Renaissance Gardens

• Charles VIII admired Italian Parks and invited artists to France
• Pacello da Mercogliano designed the first renaissance garden
• Blois Castle design had geometric flower arrangements in intimate spaces
• Andre Le Notre expanded on an intimate garden concept at Fontainebleau Gardens

Baroque Gardens

• Louis XIV and the rise of French Baroque gardens led to grand, structured and influential designs
• These designs featured symmetry, water and enclosed motifs
• Vaux-le-Vicomte designed by Andre Le Notre had a deep perspective with terraces
• Versailles inspired by Apollo had hunting grounds

China & Japan

• Origins, Philosophy and garden design

Confucius

• Confucius was a Chinese philosopher and founder of Confucianism.

Social and Political Conditions in China

• Strict regulations were set in place by emperors
• Gardens became free to explore, and offered escape
• Gardens provide an element of surprise

Chinese Garden Principles

• Rivers and Mountains represented yin and yang
• Rivers, ponds, pavilions, and rivers were implemented
• Gardens were representative of the holy universe
• Bridges represent perfect circles made with precise regulation
• Avoid symmetry used for surprise
• The use of wrong perspectives evoked mystery
• Gardens were used for meditation

Types of gardens

• Could be Classified as pleasant or amazing for emotional impact
• Micro and Macrosom are interchangeable

Japanese Gardens

• Gardens are designed to be unexpected
• Gardens gave way for mental withdrawal

Differences between Chinese and Japanese Gardens

• Chinese gardens stretch province wide
• Japanese gardens are small from land limitations
• China sought to free the mind
• Japanese gardens instilled order

Religious Influences

• Confuncianism regulated harmonic beliefs
• Shintoism worshiped nature, and Buddhism was a place of meditation

Elements of Japanese Gardens

• Dry Zen gardens used sand to suggest water, and stone to symbolize mountains
• Raked sand to symbolize rivers
• Stones have symbolic meanings
• Ponds have paths for viewing
• Bonsai excellence in vegetation

Famous Gardens and temples

• Kyoto and Golden Pavillion seem to float on water
• The silver pavillion has twisting path ways
• Ryoan-ji symbolic stones

Chinese Gardens

• Confucius emphasized ancestor worship
• Escape from social constraints
• Designed for surprise
• Represents empires

Garden Design in Japan

• Japanese gardens are smaller
• Designed as mental meditation
• Avoids Symmetry

The Influence of Buddhism

• The philosophy of Buddhism influenced Japanese garden design
• The design elements include water, and stone
• Zen garden design is used for meditation

Influences - Philosophical and Religious

• The influence of confucianism emphasize harmony
• Balance of YIn and Yang is sought
• Gardens evoke spiritual reflection from Zen Buddism

Symbolism

• Chinese Gardens represent mountains, and evoke peace
• Japanese Gardens use stone and sand to represent elements.

Islamic Gardens

• Islam spans 3 continents
• Islamic traditions are widespread
• Stretches from the Atlantic to Bengal

Climate and Environment

• Islamic gardens have to sustain lush vegetation.
• Located in Arid regions and require irrigation

Islamic Roots and Influences

• Arabs took Persian principles from gardens and divided with channels
• Muslims admired Greek King Gardens
• Closed walled spaces symbolized paradise

Paradise

• The Quran focuses on shade streams
• Islamic gardens reflected omniscient God

Design Principles

• Chahar Bagh uses 4 quadrants symbolizing rivers
• Each intersection has an important centre point
• Enclosed space provides privacy.

Shadow and Freshness

• Shade is contrasted with desert terrain
• vegetation offers sensory experience

Key Symbols

• Gardens are symbolic cosmos
• Gardens are retreats offering peace
• Spaces symbolize spiritual realms/

Irrigation

• They were advanced and symbolized life

Neo Classicism and English Style

• Neo Classicism in English style

Overview

• Arose reacting to Baroque Style
• Heavily spiritual

Influence of Philosophy

• Focus on observation and experience
• The individual wants the mystical connection

Aspects of Design

• Symmetry and balance with classical references
• The Romans were often referenced

Figures

• Claude Lorrain was known for landscapes.
• Nicolas Poussin influenced landscapes

What followed?

• The English Style emerged through the political revolution
• Modern design key

Design Features

• They used irregular serpantine designs with a focus on temple

Blenheim Park

• Represented concept transitions

Stowe Garden

• Refrects natural design
• Kent utilized culture
• Picturesque aesthetic

Modern Gardens

• Green houses were pop during 17-18th centuries.
• metallic architecture

City Design Concepts

• A focus on Green urban space emerged
• Gardens became city centered
• Impressionalists took to gardens

Monet

• Used his garden to reflect light
• Gertrude Jekyll grew natural plant life

Modernism

• Frank Wright used abstract geometry
• De Stijl was inspired to take flight with his geometric ideas
• A box in the air was introduced to blend spaces with le corbusier

Vera

• Avoided exotic vegetation
• Instead, bold geomtric design was employed

Abstraction

• Early modernism focused on minimalist design
• Heligan and Scottish national designs were implemented

Approach of abstraction

• Utilized historic architecture and geometric designs
• Symbolism became a part of designs

Key figures

• Russell Page focused on design and life balance
• Designs aimed to reflect life
• Luis burro used modern architecture

Asplund

• He used hills and trees symbolize spirituality.